Nurse Empowerment Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

IntroductionNurses have a vital role in the rapidly changing healthc are setting, which are characterized by critical care patients and shortages of nurses to meet demands of patient care (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Therefore, it is important to maintain good working environments for nurses. say-so is seen as an effective method to advance nurses satisfaction (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Empowerment as stated by Wittmann-Price (2004), is the process of reaching a more than positive state of macrocosm, a state of relative freedom in choice by first acknowledging an affective experience of oppression. The purpose of this melodic theme is to write a narrative about an experience as a student nurse practicing in a clinical setting where we felt suppress due to class, race, cultural or gender biases. This narrative will be analyzed using relevant concepts in the literature. NarrativeMy experience happened when I was in second year nursing. We are erect starting our clinical rotations in KGH. At that time, our instructors assigned us one patient to do our nursing care. The goals for the daylight are to do our head to toe assessments and be subject to chart our findings. Throughout the shift, we have a co-assigned nurse that will aid us in our duties for the day. I did what I was supposed to do and charted accordingly. After the end of the shift I thought that I did everything right, until one of my classmates told me that my nurse talked to her and stating that I did not do a good job and telling her that I do not know how to chart. Upon hearing, this from my classmate I did not say anything to my clinical instructor and just let it slide. I felt embarrassed and ashamed. I thought that I cannot change what happened and I ... ...against oppressors I must recognized that I am being oppressed. I also must learn to change my attitudes towards my oppressors and change the way I am responding and thinking.ConclusionEmpowerment is a vital f actor in creating a positive working environment. Nurses that see their work environment as empowering are more likely to provide quality health care. Positive environments are important for the future of nursing development (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Nurses should not only have the ability to recognized differences but also they must have the capacity to metamorphose and change structures within the profession in order to achieved emancipation. To achieve empowerment they must take steps to overcome oppression. They must face their fears and be able to make dialogue with their oppressors and let them know that their actions are unacceptable.

Using the Internet as a Medium for Art Essay -- Computers Technology W

Using the Internet as a strong suit for Art This is my space, this is my world. I can express how I odour and what I believe, its a different type of freedom.(1) This quote could speak of so many places in a creative world a university, a gallery, a bedroom, a studio, and so many others that people commonly associate with artistic space however it refers to none of these and all of these at once. I am talking to the highest degree the web. The web is a crude space and like all technology pushed to its limits by artists. This testify will discuss the impact that new technologies suck up had on the young and emerging visual artist. In particular this essay will focus on the advantages that the earnings as a forte has had over a new generation of artists that be coming into being. Starting with the tools that have been real to create works and early examples of net art. The essay shall too move on to websites being a new writing style of art onto themselves. I shall show ex amples of websites that explore the many possibilities and capabilities that this new web art genre has created and how people have exploited them to great advantage. Looking at browser based art that has been created for and only exists within the confines of a browser window. The essay shall end exploring how websites are also a medium for artists young and old, new media and traditional to deliver their work to a new audience not handy to them before internet technology became a household standard. As stated in the introduction, many, if not all technologies are used by artists and pushed to its limits. The internet is no exception. Originally developed for and by the US Department of Defense in 1969 it quickly grew from 3 computers to hundreds and then thousand... ...nthttp//www.ihasz.com 8. Unknown Author (2000-current) Deviant Arthttp//www.deviantart.com9. Thorson, Joshua (2003) time Work jubilatehttp//www.clockworkcrow.com/10. Gilligan, Amanda (2002- current) Shutterfl y, Amanda Gilligan Photographyhttp//www.lyptonvillage.org/shutterfly/11.Cameron,Katsuki (2003-current) TEAM kitten.comhttp//www.teamkitten.com/site/index02.html12.Unknown, (2004) escaperoute ACMI Australian Centre for the Moving Imagehttp//www.acmi.net.au/ arts Hub- For Australian arts Workershttp//www.artshub.com.auAustralia Council New Media Artshttp//www.ozco.gov.au/boards/new_media_arts/Free Dictionary.com Generation Yhttp//encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Generation%20YHistory of the Internet- Where did the Internet come fromhttp//net.gurus.com/history/?FRAME=no Using the Internet as a Medium for Art Essay -- Computers Technology WUsing the Internet as a Medium for Art This is my space, this is my world. I can express how I feel and what I believe, its a different type of freedom.(1) This quote could speak of so many places in a creative world a university, a gallery, a bedroom, a studio, and so many others that people commonly associate with artistic spa ce however it refers to none of these and all of these at once. I am talking about the web. The web is a new space and like all technology pushed to its limits by artists. This essay will discuss the impact that new technologies have had on the young and emerging visual artist. In particular this essay will focus on the advantages that the internet as a medium has had over a new generation of artists that are coming into being. Starting with the tools that have been developed to create works and early examples of net art. The essay shall also move on to websites being a new genre of art onto themselves. I shall show examples of websites that explore the many possibilities and capabilities that this new web art genre has created and how people have exploited them to great advantage. Looking at browser based art that has been created for and only exists within the confines of a browser window. The essay shall end exploring how websites are also a medium for artists young and old, ne w media and traditional to deliver their work to a new audience not accessible to them before internet technology became a household standard. As stated in the introduction, many, if not all technologies are used by artists and pushed to its limits. The internet is no exception. Originally developed for and by the US Department of Defense in 1969 it quickly grew from 3 computers to hundreds and then thousand... ...nthttp//www.ihasz.com 8. Unknown Author (2000-current) Deviant Arthttp//www.deviantart.com9. Thorson, Joshua (2003) Clock Work Crowhttp//www.clockworkcrow.com/10. Gilligan, Amanda (2002- current) Shutterfly, Amanda Gilligan Photographyhttp//www.lyptonvillage.org/shutterfly/11.Cameron,Katsuki (2003-current) TEAM kitten.comhttp//www.teamkitten.com/site/index02.html12.Unknown, (2004) escaperoute ACMI Australian Centre for the Moving Imagehttp//www.acmi.net.au/Arts Hub- For Australian Arts Workershttp//www.artshub.com.auAustralia Council New Media Artshttp//www.ozco.gov. au/boards/new_media_arts/Free Dictionary.com Generation Yhttp//encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Generation%20YHistory of the Internet- Where did the Internet come fromhttp//net.gurus.com/history/?FRAME=no

The Bluest Eye: How Society Took Pecola’s Innocence Essay example -- T

The immoral acts of golf-club raped Pecola Breedlove, took her innocence, and left her to go insane. The Random House lexicon defines rape as an act of plunder, violent seizure, or abuse despoliation violation. The Random House definition perfectly describes what happens to Pecola over the course of the novel. From Pecolas standpoint, friendship rapes her repeatedly, by their judgmental attitudes towards everything that she is she is painful, she is poor, she is black. In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Morrison shines a critical light on society, illumining the immoral acts that it participates in, through the story of how a little girl is throw by the wayside since she does not embody the societal ideal. Instead of one human antagonist for our protagonist, Pecola, we see most of society as the antagonist. The immoral acts of society destroy Pecola Breedlove from the inside out. One of the first immoral acts that society introduces to Pecola is lust lust for whiteness, for beau ty. She is taught from a young age that beauty is one of the standards that she depart be held up to. In addition, society tells her that the key of being beautiful is being white, something Pecola never can be. One of the major quotes in the book shows in effect(p) how powerful common belief can be. they stayed there be causal agent they believed they were ugly No one could have convinced them that they were not relentlessly and aggressively ugly, Emphasis added (Pg. 28). Although, Morrison does not really say that the Breedloves were physically ugly, she implies that society told them they were ugly, therefore they believed they were ugly. This belief came from society setting a standard that Pecola could never reach. Sadly, this poor little girl did n... ...nd Jane lifestyle that Morrison introduces us into, we see a poor girl that is put down and society rapes. You may think Pecola was just one horribly unlucky child, that her problems are the cause of being at the wrong pl ace at the wrong time. Yet, that is a nave way of thinking the evidence obviously shows that Pecola was tormented because society told everyone that she is an ugly little black bitch, that happened to be raped, making her even less human. Therefore, any negative event that happens to her, small or large, is something she is expected to have and she brought it on to herself. To me, the biggest argument that Morrison makes with her first novel is that society is the most powerful judge in our everyday life. If society deems use to be not worthy of its carry on or time, we should expect hell from it and Pecola Breedlove is deemed not to be worthy.

Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papers

Ferdinand Porsche was born(p) in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he open a job in Vienna. While working(a) in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering reproduction he ever received. A few age later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was refer in the design of an electric motorcar, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a locate with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several in(predicate) designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, paint a picture trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful Mercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements.Since his age at Austro-Daimler he had a personal fancy of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, notwithstanding was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left-hand(a) the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished process Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stemma company with shares acquirable to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft stock based company).Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prsident (Chief Minister) of the relegate of Baden-Wrttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998. Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papersFerdinand Porsche was born in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he found a job in Vienna. While working in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering training he ever received. A few years later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was involved in the design of an electric car, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a position with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several successful designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, fire trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful M ercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements.Since his days at Austro-Daimler he had a personal dream of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, but was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stock company with shares available to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft stock based company).Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prsident (Chief Minister) of the state of Baden-Wrttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998.

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation o

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of GlucoseAimTo investigate the factors that affects the rate of fermentation ofGlucose.Background knowledge.ENZYMESFermentation is a form of an anaerobic external respiration where by glucose ispartially broken down so only a small amount of energy is released.The yeast cells use the enzymes, ZYMASE to break down sugars ineffective toobtain.GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ)Enzymes confine several properties.1) Specific actions-Zyamse in yeast working on glucose.2) A small amount is required as the enzyme is used once more and again as it is uncharged at the end therefore one of my variables could be varying the quantity of yeast.3) Each enzyme has its own specific temperature at which it works best. This is the factor at which I am going to investigate zymase in yeast. There are some enzymes which work best in cold eg. Fridge. And others that stinkpot stand co nsiderably high temperatures.All enzymes are proteins as they are made by living cells. Thereforehigh temperatures cause protein to become DENATURED, destroyed,exaclty the equal way as the cooked white of an egg cannot be changedback to its runny state. When proetin of an ezyme is denatured it nolonger functions as a catalyst.COLLISION THEORYRate of chemical reaction simply depends on how hard and often the reactingparticles collide with each other.The basic idea is that particles have to collide with each other inorder to react. more(prenominal) COLLISIONS INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION.1) Temperature increases the number of collisions.2) Concentration (or pressure) in creases the number of collisions.3) Sizes of solid particles (or surface area) incr... ...ature of 40-50, therefore themolecules reacted faster and harder, collision theory, which starts togive off a gas, CO2. The glucose changes into a gas, Kinetic theory.My graph of my results shows that the Carbon Dioxide produce d did notreact as fast as the enzyme which is working as a catalyst has eitherstopped or died. My prediction has been a success.GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ)EvaluationI really enjoyed doing this experiment, which is unusual I did myresearch well. Using different types of materials, Internet, Library,Revision books.I think it would have been better if I had of done each temperaturethree times so that I could have found an average. It would have beenabit more fairer and bit more accurate.I also missed the first week so it was a little bit confusing at firstbut it turned out okay.

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation o

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of GlucoseAimTo investigate the factors that affects the rate of fermentation ofGlucose.Background knowledge.ENZYMES excitement is a form of an anaerobic respiration where by glucose ispartially broken down so only a small pith of energy is released.The barm cells use the enzymes, ZYMASE to break down sugars unable toobtain.GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ)Enzymes prevail several properties.1) Specific actions-Zyamse in yeast lap ups on glucose.2) A small amount is required as the enzyme is used again and again as it is uncharged at the end therefore one of my variables could be varying the quantity of yeast.3) severally enzyme has its own specific temperature at which it works best. This is the factor at which I am going to investigate zymase in yeast. There are some enzymes which work best in cold eg. Fridge. And others that can stand considerably high tempe ratures.All enzymes are proteins as they are made by living cells. and thenhigh temperatures cause protein to become DENATURED, destroyed,exaclty the same way as the cooked white of an egg cannot be changedback to its runny state. When proetin of an ezyme is denatured it nolonger functions as a catalyst.COLLISION THEORYRate of reaction simply depends on how hard and often the reactingparticles collide with each other.The basic idea is that particles have to collide with each other inorder to react.MORE COLLISIONS INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION.1) Temperature increases the number of smashs.2) Concentration (or pressure) in creases the number of collisions.3) Sizes of solid particles (or surface area) incr... ...ature of 40-50, therefore themolecules reacted faster and harder, collision theory, which starts togive off a gas, CO2. The glucose changes into a gas, Kinetic theory.My graph of my results shows that the Carbon Dioxide produced did notreact as fast as the enzyme which is wo rking as a catalyst has eitherstopped or died. My prediction has been a success.GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ)EvaluationI really enjoyed doing this experiment, which is unusual I did myresearch well. Using divers(prenominal) types of materials, Internet, Library,Revision books.I think it would have been better if I had of done each temperaturethree times so that I could have found an average. It would have beenabit more fairer and bit more accurate.I also missed the prototypic week so it was a little bit confusing at firstbut it turned out okay.

Richard Neustadt

Richard Neustadt Presidential Power and the Modern Presidency Writing in 1960, Richard Neustadt is an chief(prenominal) political theorist focusing on the US Presidency. Neustadts work was a reaction to the old institutionalism represented by writers like Edwin Corwin. Neustadt takes a behavioristic approach to understanding presidential power, and argues that the real functional power of the US president arises from his power to persuade.Neustadt acknowledges that the formal power of the US president is spelled break through in the US Constitution but he argues that these formal powers do not adequately describe the real functional power of the president. For Neustadt the key to presidential power is the presidents baron to persuade other important actors to carry out what he wants done.Neustadt views the presidency as at the apex of a pyramid of governing power that provides the president with unique leverage and vantage points to bargain with and persuade others on implementin g governing policy and direction. These other actors include cabinet officers and senior government bureaucrats, the congress, military leaders, leaders of state governments, party leaders, business leaders and even foreign leaders. Neustadt does not see the US government as one of separated power under the Constitution.Instead he claims that the Constitution actually created a government of separated institutions sharing powers. These separated institutions include the congress, federalism itself, the bill of rights and perchance even the press as a fourth branch of government. Neustadt sees the formal powers of the president and congress as very intertwined such that neither can set up very much without the acquiescence of the other and, that what one branch demands the other can resist.Neustadt notes, for example that Eisenhower claimed that the presidency was part of the legislative process, since he had the authority to preclude or sign bills, etc. But Neustadt notes that when a president tries to command rather than persuade, such as when Truman nationalized the steel mills or fired MacArthur, or when Eisenhower sent the troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce desegregation court orders, that there can be blowback that can neutralize presidential revise and, ultimately, render presidential action inconclusive or effective.Neustadt sees relationships of mutual dependence between the various stakeholders and that the president depends upon the persons whom he would persuade. He notes a particular success story of persuasion when Truman worked with Republican senator Vandenberg to create the Marshall plan to rebuild Europe after WWII. That effort depended on mutual understanding, trust and a dedication to shared endeavor without which Vandenberg may have decided to wait for a Republican president to create a major new direction in US foreign policy.Neustadt sums up by arguing that for a president to have effective influence he must (1) use the ba rgaining emolument that he has by virtue of his office to persuade other men that what he wants them to do is what their own responsibilities require of them (persuade them that his goals should be their own goals), 2) maintain a professional reputation in the minds of other men such that they respect his authority and ability, and (3) maintain his popular prestige such that those he bargains with believes that the public allow for view them favorably if they do what the president wants.In short, the presidents power is the product of his vantage points in government, together with his reputation in the Washington alliance and his prestige outside. Neustadt goes on to argue a presidents has to make proper choices and decisions, so as to preserve his reputation and prestige, or he will squander his ability to lead by losing his ability to persuade.

Capital Structure within Ford Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze carrefour travel high societys enceinte building to understand the financial risks and companies financial make up. The research paper will also discuss the Modigliani and Miller capital coordinate theory including common criticisms. To understand crossovers profitability we will take a close look at their financial proportions including stock rates and future analysis of the fellowships assets. Research was done by reading news articles, online periodicals and stock references including Fords own annual reports and website. In conclusions we will understand the optimal social organization for Ford beat back Company and what should be done to ensure continued success within an ever changing industry.Overview of Ford Motor Company atomic number 1 Ford founded Ford Motor Company on June 16th, 1903 with several partners in Dearborn, Michigan. During the early years the company produced several vehicles ranging from the Model A i n 1903 to The K, in 1907. The most nonable of the Ford motor company vehicles is the Model T in 1909. Ford built over 18,000 Model Ts in 1909, by 1912 they were producing over 170,000 which required a move to a declamatoryr plant. By thistime Ford Motor Company was international and within the attached few decades it would expand overseas to include Austria, Argentina, Ireland and Australia to name a few. Henry Ford was in control of the company until his wife and daughter demanded that he go on over control of the company to his grandson in 1943. Ford died in 1947, attracting over 7 million viewers at a national level. Ford Motor Company would go on to be the largest and most profitable companies in the world. They would ultimately own 5 other brands including Lincoln, Mercury, Land Rover, Jaguar, Volvo and Aston Martin, by 2008 all would be sold except Lincoln.Ford Motor Company Capital StructureIn 2012, pre-tax operating profit excluding special items, was $8 cardinal, or $1 .41 per share. Record results of $8.3 billion in northwards America, continued solid performance from Ford Credit of $1.7 billion, positive results in South America, continued investment in Asia Pacific Africa and began a challenging transition in Europe. 2012 ended with automotive gross bullion of $24.3 billion, exceeding debt by $10 billion. A strong liquidity position of $34.5 billion, an ontogenesis of $2.1 billion over 2011. With an eye to the future, Ford continued the largest and fastest manufacturing expansion in more than 50 years, adding capacity to support ripening plans in North America and Asia Pacific Africa. (Ford, 2012) Although Ford has debt of over $14 Billion they are still positioned to continue to be the top automotive maker in the US. Their debt fuel be attributed to the ratiocination made by CEO Alan Mulallys decision to borrow $23.6 Billion in 2006 to avoid the recession and ultimately causing others to require establishment assistance (Taylor, 2009). This decision has afforded Ford the room to make decisions to better their merchandise share in the future.Business and Financial Risks at FordFord Motor Company has multiple revenue streams including Ford Motor Company as well as Ford Financial services. Ford Motor can be impacted not only by scotch recession or the publics review of American made vehicles including trucks that have high turgidity mileage. With the current increasing gas prices Ford must ensure they are investing in the development of the cost and gas efficient vehicles within its portfolio. Fords decision toincrease debt may have given them positive public relations but has put them in a difficult position with limited cash flow needed to continue to grow products. During 2011, global economic growth slowed to about 2.5% from 4% in 2010, as the worsening debt crisis in Europe, regime changes in North Africa, natural disasters in Japan and Thailand, and moderating economic growth in several key newly-developed a nd emerging markets all contributed to slow growth. Global growth in 2012 remained at the relatively low level of about 2.5% due to the European debt crisis, slowing of Chinese economic growth, and moderate pace of recovery in the United States. During 2013, global economic growth is expected to remain in the 2% 3% range. The European debt crisis remains a key risk to economic growth. The current economic performance in many European countries, particularly Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, is being hampered by excessive government debt levels and the resulting budget austerity measures that are impart to weak economic growth. The EU, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund have provided important support for many of these countries undergoing structural changes. During 2013, economic growth is credibly to remain weak in these markets, even though financial markets have begun to stabilize. The U.K. government has implemented budget cuts and tax in creases that will depress growth, although the labor market has stabilized in recent months. Uncertainties associated with the European debt crisis, and policy responses to it, could impact global economic performance in 2013. (Yahoo, 2013)Below is the capital structure as of phratry 2013. Equity is represented by the Orange equaling 20.5 Billion, with company debt of over 110 Billion.The Modigliani and Miller Theory of Capital StructureThe Modigliani and Miller theory of capital structure has two propositions 1) A firms total value is independent of its capital structure, and 2) the return on equity will rise and the debt to equity ratio rises in order to compensate investors for the additional financial risk. The first proposition relies on the assumptions that before tax-operating profits are not affected by capital structure neither are taxes themselves, and the firms capital structure choices do not convey important information to themarket. What the Modigliani and Miller mean s to the Ford and its investors is that since the company was able to get a large amount of cash through taking on debt, to increase the value of the company it needs to map this capital to generate more revenue. Investors will not respond to a rise in the debt levels of the company until they become excessive, what will increase the value of the company is a rise in sales revenue. This is not to say that there is no adverse effects of the company taking more debt and the shareholders will not be any worse off as debt levels go up. There is considerably more risk as the company becomes more and more leveraged. This is the rump for the second proposition to Modigliani and Millers theory, which says that as risk increases the investors expected return also rises to compensate for the additional exposure to risk. The second theorem is what dictates that Ford use its additional capital to generate more income. Without a significant rise in demand for automobiles, Mulallys only choice was to shed assets that were be too much money and take market share.Optimal Capital Structure at FordFord Motor Company has seen a large increase in their debt to equity ratio since their decision in 2006 to borrow against their assets. Currently they are seeing a decrease in that ratio to 5.4 as of Sept 2013. According to company disclosure Ford Motor Co has Debt to Equity of 5.4 times. This is 550.0% higher than that of Consumer Goods sector, and 355.56% higher than that of Auto Manufacturers Major industry (axis, 2014).Data for this go through RangeSept. 30, 20135.405June 30, 20135.624March 31, 20136.102Dec. 31, 20126.588Sept. 30, 20124.586June 30, 20125.031March 31, 20126.051Dec. 31, 20116.620Sept. 30, 201115.06June 30, 201117.56March 31, 201139.71Dec. 31, 2010-147.79Sept. 30, 2010-65.94June 30, 2010-32.93March 31, 2010-23.84Dec. 31, 2009-16.36Sept. 30, 2009-15.29June 30, 2009-12.42March 31, 2009-8.303Referencesaxis, M. (2014). Ford Debt to Equity. Retrieved from macro axis http//www.macroaxis.com/invest/ratio/FDebt-to-Equity Ford. (2012). 2012 Annual Report. Retrieved from Corporate.ford.com http//corporate.ford.com/doc/ar2012-2012%20Annual%20Report.pdf Taylor III,A. (2009). ameliorate Up FORD. (Cover story). Fortune, 159(11), 44-52. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Yahoo. (2013, Feb). Form 10-K for FORD MOTOR CO. Retrieved from Yahoo Finance http//biz.yahoo.com/e/130219/f10-k.html

English: It’s position in the global arena Essay

face occupies an important slope in orbicular program line at the moment. It seems to be seen as a high status language with an inbuilt connection to capitalism and globalism. The example websites given, wizard from a university in the Netherlands and the other from Brazil. Both websites argon presented in English as well as their subject language, despite the fact that English is a unessential language in both nations. This status, rivalling even the official language of the country, seems to pee sp make itg from a number of sources, non the least the general impression that English has become the new lingua franca. The prestigiousness and encroaching ubiquity of English has contri entirelyed to its increasingly high position within academia. The autobiography of colonialism, the status of English schools in the wider global community and the inexor competent link most countries place between capitalism and English. It is in like manner greatly affected by the various p olicies adopted by countries. Of course this all begs the question of whether the position of English in high education is a practiced one, or another form of English imperialism.Politics plays a hefty role in the position of English and it has always been influenced by the relative prestige it enjoys when compared to other languages. The websites shown both exemplify this status. While both websites are ground in countries where the official language is not English (Dutch and Spanish respectively), both any presented in English (the Maastricht website) or have a full English translation available (the San Paolo website)(The University of San Paolo, 2013)(Maastricht University, 2013). This shows the remarkable influence that the English language has a secondary education, especially considering they originate from countries that have no history of British colonialism. Other countries, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as India or Malaysia, have these ties to English through the col onial history of the British Empire. In particular, the legacy of colonialism has had a profound effect on the position of English, not just in high education, but in the world.During the line of credit of the various countries that became part of the British empire, it tended to be the policy to educate the native populace in English, to better integrate them into the lower rungs of government. These countries tend to link English with a higher(prenominal) status of education, and, therefore, enact policies to try to capitalise on thisperceived prestige (Hewings, 2012, p96-99). For example, Mahatma Gandhi was educated in an English university, before returning to bring his nation. Also contributing to this sense of the superiority of English is the fact that many of these countries do not share a common language to begin with (India, Malaysia and a variety of countries). Thus, the enforcement of English in education provided a common language for various regions to communicate. India, in particular, has a strong history of this. In turn, this makes higher education in English almost inevitable, as the high status of higher education is naturally paired with the high status of English within these countries.However, this foundation be quite controversial in within the country, with the general feeling that the use of English for governance and education leads to a degrading of the native languages. It has also lead to questions of the usefulness of teaching in English, due to the very real possibility of students having a less than perfect grasp of the language(Martin, 2012, p125-129). This stems from the fact that being able to speak a language is different from being able to study faculty memberally in it(Hewings, 2012, p103-105). While these are valid concerns, the political and social title of English means that the position of English within the higher education spheres of these ex-colonial territories is well-secured.There are also practical reason s for the position of English in higher education. One reason is that many of the industries that are desirable to students in higher education have higher English language acquisition requirements. Fields such as scientific discipline, engineering and programming all rely on a high level of English based technical speech and many higher education courses are offered in English(Hewings, 2012, p115-120). For example, if one wishes to study any of the sciences, one essential become familiar with the technical terms and writing of various pedantic publications, a large proportion of which are published in English. These fields require a higher level of education to enter, and necessitate at least a passing knowledge of English to comprehend. English is also used at the highest levels of business, giving rise to the idea that English has become a global lingua franca for business and technology. Thus many will learn English as a means of appearing more business-like and professional , and to help them compete in the global market(Gray, 2012, p146-148). This gives rise to a feedbackloop, wherein to enter these fields, one must speak English well enough to learn them, which in turn causes those fields to be even more locked in to English based higher education.Additionally, a number of industries have sprung up around higher education, such as academic publishing or English language teacher training. These industries provide a sustained push for the position of English, with resources for higher education being produced by publishers based out of English language universities(Gray, 2012, p148-150, p158-161). These publishers have little economic incentive to publish in other languages, thus most high end resources for universities are published and sourced from English speaking countries. This is shown by the high amount of universities that offer their courses in English(Hewings, 2012, p113). This establishes that a large quantity of materials used in secondary education, and a lot of the more prestigious training for teachers of such, stem from English language universities.Even European universities have begun to offer courses entirely in English, especially in the Eastern European countries such as Slovakia. In these countries, especially those that gained their independence with the fall of the Soviet Union, English is seen as the language of capitalism(Prendergast C., 2012, p33-35). As such, younger people, seeking ambitiously to carve a place for themselves, learn English to better place themselves in higher status jobs(Prendergast C., 2012, p35-38 ). In turn, this created a demand for higher education in English, to the point where the price of these courses skyrocketed (Prendergast C., 2012, p33). All of these factors have contributed to the seemingly dominant position of English in higher education.Many people have argued for and against the position of English in higher education, with some takeing that the ubiquity of English a llows for greater collaboration and dissemination of information (Prime Ministers Office, 2008, Seargeant, 2012, p9-10) while others claim that this same ubiquity is pushing out other languages(Sutherland, 2002, Seargeant, 2012, p10) and the features of education that those languages have. This debate further solidifies the position of English within higher education, due to the simple recognition such a debate infers. By the basic fact that such a debate is happening, the participants have agreed that English has a dominating presence within higher education. One such argument posited bythose against the proliferation, is that other languages slide into decline and with them their own particular features within higher education, for example the french thesis-antithesis-synthesis essay(Coleman, 2006, Hewings, 2012, p114-115). If English becomes the sole language of higher education, then these features may simply cease to exist.The counter argument to this is that the growing ubi quity of English allows for a some(prenominal) greater sharing of information due to providing a common point for many different countries. An additional argument against is that teaching in more than one language arsehole be beneficial to the students ((Monaghan, p134 136). This argument ignores the difficulties of training teachers in the multitude of languages that they may encounter within the classroom from students of varied backgrounds. Equally, one must not forget that higher education is not only the stage for education but is also a great contributor to the development of science and a retainer of scientific knowledge. By setting the standard of higher education to one language, which did not necessarily have to be English, a much greater pool of knowledge can be made available than might otherwise be possible. Students from various background and cultures would be able to overture the same sources of information and, thus have a greater chance of advancing and gaining knowledge.In conclusion, the position of English within higher education can be thought of as a useful one. It came about due to the specific historical and political factors unique to English. It just so happened that most of the mathematical, scientific and technological notation is based largely in English (for example, the development of the internet was an American innovation). It also just so happened that the notion of capitalism and jumbo business is also closely associated with English. Equally, the legacy of colonialism has meant that the English language is spread widely around the globe, and is linked to the upper rungs of these societies, due to the government of these colonies being run largely by Englishmen and the natives they taught English too. These factors all combine into a general view of English as being the language of professionalism and of globalism, making it attractive for those with skill sets derived from higher education(). In turn this created deman d for English to be the language these courses were taught in. Whether or not this is a good thing is a matter for debate, butfor good or ill, the fact remains. English enjoys a lofty position within the higher education system of the world.ReferencesGray J. (2012), English the industry in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The dependent University, pp. 137 163Hewings A. (2012), Learning English, learning through English in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The at large(p) University, pp. 93 120Maastricht University (2013) Maastricht University, Leading in Learning online, http//www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ (accessed 11/04/2013)Martin P. (2012), Tensions between language policy and practice in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge /Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 121 128Monaghan F. (2012), English lessens in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 129 136Open University (2012), U215, The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityPrendergast C.(2012), English and ambivalence in a new capitalist state in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 33 39Seargeant P. (2012), The politics and policies of global English in HewingsA. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 5 32The University of San Paolo (2013) Universidade de Sao Paulo online, http//www5.usp.br/en/ (accessed 11/04/2013)

Lufthansa Austrian Airlines Takeover Essay

Taking a brief look on the economic development in Europe up to the year 2008 reveals high GDP exploitation rates and reminds us about the times of prosperity that we almost all so nostalgically recall. But Austrian Airlines have never seen any holla in revenues, profits and the number of transported passengers. This al integrity is a reason for big concern as airlines have never been a counter-cyclical business. If the company is unable to nonplus itself in the times of prosperity what loss entrust they carry in the books in the times of economic downswing?Finding a powerful strategicalal partner seems like inevitable for the Austrian company. In 2008 Austrian Airlines was the 11th biggest airlines in Europe with 10,7 million passengers and 2,5 billion in revenues. On the other emplacement Lufthansa has 7 times more passengers and obligates 10 times more m unitaryy in revenues. Putting these two categories into relation shows how company? s size creates many benefits, in particular financial ones. In 2008 Austrian Airlines had revenue of 233 per passenger while Lufthansa attained 357 per passenger.Now it is obvious how size matters and that synergies create great cost-cutting potential and profit profitability. If Lufthansa manages to bring Austrian Airlines to its own level of profitability they would have EBIT of 140 million if the expenses and passenger number stay on 2008 levels. Not to mention the strategic benefits of this acquisition, and probable Lufthansa? s ability to make use of synergy effects i. e. to cut costs and sell even more passage tickets thanks to wide-spread gross revenue offices all over the world.Acquiring Austrian Airlines proves as lucrative for a Lufthansa if they transform the company and as a good deal for current sh atomic number 18holders who female genitals count on even more losses if Austrian Airlines decide to pursue stand-alone strategy which means that they exit eventually lose all the capital they put up . This simple analysis show why did consolidation wave in airlines industry pick up on speed. It actually seems that main task for flattops is to get big as fast as they croupe or to face with a demise of their business.Immediate recapitalization of Austrian Airlines in the amount of 500 million just supports above statement as even the biggest European airline would be unable to cover such a immense accumulated loss if it weren? t for the help of the Austrian government and the European Union. Lufthansa plans to take advantage of the Austrian Airlines? geographic location and their know-how and expertise in CEE and Middle eastmost. After the fall of communism in Europe Austria has played a crucial role as a gateway to Eastern and southeastern Europe.Austrian Airlines took its business one step further and established new core market in the Middle East. For an inter depicted object company like Lufthansa Austrian Airlines represents a cornerstone in the expansion towards Middle Eastern and Asian markets. Austrian Airlines is a first mover in CEE and Middle East and a market leader with 61 destinations in the region whose expertise in the Eastern markets bid be of a great use ones Lufthansa decides to go East more aggressively as Austrian Airlines pull up stakes share their core competence with the group.Cutting overlapping flights and optimization of its joint chap and sales activities provide improve Austrian Airlines business activity right away. Further developing of Austrian? s successful hub system at Vienna airport impart also bring positive effects in the long run. Since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines are old partners within the framework of the Star Alliance and they know individually other very well integration in the Lufthansa Group should play out without study obstacles.Companies co holdd within the context of a bilateral joint guess for Austrian-German flight traffic as well as in the important foreign markets of Switzerland and Brus sels. Even their technical services have been cooperating closely and that is also one of the reasons why Austrian executives have trust in Lufthansa and why did they choose exactly Lufthansa among 12 initial bidders. Companies expect to be able to exploit panoptic synergies and assess these to amount to 40 million in cost savings and additional revenues.Apart from all this, Lufthansa has assured Austrian Airlines that they will be take into account extensive autonomy within the group and that they will preserve their Austrian identity which stands for character reference and Austrian hospitality. Vienna will remain the hub of all flight operations, so that Austria will continue to feature very good international flight connections. Its central position in the heart of Europe made it easier for Lufthansa to grant them autonomy. No major downsizing of the fleet is planned which would be unthinkable if they wanted to pursue stand-alone strategy.On an organizational level, Austrian Airlines will operate as a profit center within the Lufthansa Group what represents a great incentive to get out of the red once and for all. As a part of Lufthansa Group Austrian Airlines will easier protect its position on the market if the recession hits the economy in 2009 because smaller carriers which are not support by a strong corporate parent will struggle with insufficient resources and declining passenger numbers. As it will soon be dumbfound apparent, Austrian Airlines shareholders, specially res publica of Austria, will sign a great deal if traffic proceeds.Keeping indep kiboshence among the group, operating under its distinguishing identity while improving quality and profitability of its services sounds almost incredible for the company which could declare nonstarter if it weren? t for its strategic partner. Considering current situation both sides could profit from the transaction. Moreover, the integration in the Lufthansa Group will provide Austrian Airlines w ith access to new passenger flows and enable them to more effectively build up international brand knowingness and be Austrian ambassador all over the world which will strengthen their business model.Lufthansa? s worldwide presence, their size, lobbying power and relationship with gasoline sellers will be of great help to Austrian Airlines. In the light of the bleak economic prospect for 2009 Austrian Airlines can focus on their core business knowing that Lufthansa watches their back. This strategy could work well as Austrian Airlines received numerous awards in 2008 including the so-called Oscars of the industry and a first place rank as the best airline in Europe according to a survey carried out by Capital magazine. Austrian Airlines have a dependableness rate of over 99. % and is among top five most punctual carriers in Europe and could improve Lufthansa? s business model too by sharing their expertise.A fully restructured Austrian Airlines will be forced to become a thriving member of the Lufthansa Group once the company is aware that the Republic of Austria will not back them up if anything goes down the drain. Concerning a history of mutual cooperation between Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines executives in charge need to be particularly careful to avoid accusations of conflicting self-interest as these may arise cod to close ties between two companies.Since there were 11 other bidders at the start and Lufthansa was chosen in the end both parties need to be adequately informed about all facts relevant to this transaction so that they can clearly explain why is this transaction undisputedly the best possible solution for both sides. Considering that Lufthansa is taking over a company which made huge losses in the past years and whose balance sheet reveals equity ratio of just 11% (which is appalling even for a bank) strategic rationale needs to be explained clearly and concisely together with all future advantages because otherwise someone could think a cquisition is completely irrational.Even after the restructuring forethought Austrian Airlines will remain highly indebted and Lufthansa? s executives have to justify their reasoning by outlining benefits. Transaction Overview After signing initial agreements (CALOI) which provide a foundation for any further steps, Framework Agreement is often cited in the underlying Voluntary Public Offer. Basic arrangements between parties should be adumbrate in the letter of role and then once more stipulated in the Framework Agreement.The underlying Voluntary Public Takeover offer stipulates conditions precedent which are to be fulfilled before closing. From that reason they all represent potential deal-breakers since there is a possibility that some of them will not be fulfilled. harmonize to Framework Agreement an extraordinary shareholders meeting will be called just before the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement so that recapitalization can be authorized, new supervisory board appoin ted and articles of association amended.In order to mitigate any negative impact of information leakage on the transaction Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines had signed a confidentiality agreement. Both parties are obliged to use confidential information just for the purposes of the ongoing transaction and will not crack any information to the third parties in order not to bring any company in an unfavorable position. Letter of intent is a stake important document signed which outlines Lufthansa? intentions and give an overview of the basic transaction, purchase price, determines break-up fee and division of costs incurred as well as court under which jurisdiction any disputes will be solved. For Lufthansa it is of extreme importance to include an exclusive dealing clause so that Austrian Airlines obliges to talk over just with Lufthansa and no one else at the time. Since Lufthansa plans to take over a company in an extremely bad shape it would be inappropriate of Austrian Airlines not to bring in all their energy and focus to close the deal.Letter of intention needs to include details about a stake purchase and subsequent authorisation public offer. The details of the purchase price (maximum 4,49 per share) should also be included i. e. the price paid for the 41,56 % of shares held by Osterreichische Industrieholding AG which includes the details on the earn-out option (under which conditions will Lufthansa pay an amount of up to 162 million depending on Austrian Airlines? future economic performance and on the outperformance of the Lufthansa? s share price).It should also stipulate the conditions of the offer given to a minor shareholders so that Lufthansa holds at least 75% of the permanent voting shares (without consideration of the treasury shares) in Austrian Airlines after the end of the initial acceptance period. Lufhansa? s intention to fully take over Austrian Airlines should be clearly pointed out particularly their wish to acquire 90% of all shar es so that they can launch a squeeze-out. The important conditions precedent should be included in the Letter of Intent.Approval by the competent just authorities in the European Union and other countries should be right away designated as conditio sine qua non. Approval of the restructuring aid is also deemed as extremely important and it should be stipulated in the Letter of Intent as 500 million granted by the state of Austria and the European Union are utterly necessary to compensate for the negative shareholder value of Austrian Airlines and make Lufthansa willing to take them over. Recapitalization will also further dilute the free roam shareholders making it easier for Lufthansa to launch a squeeze-out procedure.Letter of intent should also arrange who bears the break-up cost in the case of a regulatory disapproval. This is seen as one of the major risk since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines partly operate the same lines and consolidation would lead to a further concentrati on of power. Considering negative financial results of the Austrian Airlines letter of intent should already include frame of the future executive structure while definitive agreement should include exact top-management structure in the Austrian Airlines which will facilitate integration in the Lufthansa group and turn around the profitability.Since Shareholders Agreement of Austrian Airlines syndicate had already dealt with issue it might be a instant cumbersome renegotiating it. Letter of intent should also state that Lufthansa has no intention whatsoever to dismantle Austrian Airlines i. e. that brand, headquarters and route network favoring Austrian national interests will be kept. Lufthansa should try to avoid the matter of employment until the very end (final agreement) so that they are not bound by pre-signed clauses once they negotiate the final contract because restructuring of the Austrian Airlines is necessary by all means.Considering that Lufthansa is the biggest Europe an airline company it the approval of antitrust authorities will not come smoothly. Second condition precedent, approval of 500 million is not deemed as problematic as this pay-out coincides with Austrian national interests to preserve a national carrier which serves its interest. (Besides it wouldn? t make almost any sense for the European Union to grant the acquisition but rejects the aid. ) Acquiring Austrian Airlines will only emergence Lufthansa? s size and market power.Holding such a dominant position could incite abusing it e. g. by charging unfair prices or refusing to innovate. This horizontal agreement will put competition in an unfavorable position but on the other hand Lufthansa can argue that consolidation in the European airline industry is inevitable. However, only consolidation will ensure survival of the European airlines in the long run, fragmented market structure leaves them susceptible to either bankruptcy or takeover by Asian od American airlines who are fortu nately by law not allowed to be major shareholders.Since regulation is the realistic obstacle to consolidation alliances in Europe prevail. Unfavorable circumstance is also the fact that at the time of this pending transaction Lufthansa bought a big orchis of Brussels Air. The regulators will certainly not like that. Like in any deal representations and warranties play an important role as they typically make up the largest part of the share purchase agreement. They have an informational, protective and supportive role in the transaction . Austrian Airline? epresentations and warranties, coupled with the Lufthansas due diligence, enable Lufthansa to learn as much as possible about the business prior to signing the definitive acquisition agreement. Second, they are protective. This is crucial for Lufthansa who acquires highly indebted company which value without restructuring aid is negative. The sellers representations and warranties provide mechanism for the Lufthansa to step bac k or possibly to renegotiate the equipment casualty of acquisition.The randomness major feature of merger the agreement is the inclusion of various pre-closing covenants, or promises to do something or not do something during the period between the signing of the acquisition agreement and the closing. Generally, covenants should be absolute and Lufthansa? s goal is that none material changes take place until the closing and that business condition does not aggravate in any respect because if such events took place it would mean that they overpaid.The reasoning behind the indemnification is the same. One should emphasize the importance of reps and warranties relating to financial statements (compliance with accounting standards) , taxes and employees (manager contracts, severance terms and compensations) and no pending litigations which breech would surely threaten the envisaged transaction. The role of all above named provisions is risk minimization and these provision should also act as an incentive for a fair dealing.

Gender and Technology Essay

This essay will take a look into an article called, Caring About Connections G abateer and Computing written by Jane Margolis, Allan black cat and Faye miller. In their article they take a look at differences in wo manpower and males with their usages and influence in applied science, and womens efforts to chase after an facts of life in reckoner science and technology. This written report will be able to sum up their main ideas, critically analyze their beliefs, and take a particular look at women pursing fields of hold in the technical workplace and scientific studies. Gender DefinitionThe definition of sexuality is not a very easy word to define. There atomic number 18 umteen meanings and terms that can be characterized under both males and females and mixed grammatical sex activitys. However according to dictionary. com gender is the keep companying (in many languages) a setof classes that unneurotic include all nouns, membership in a particular class cosmos s hown by the form of the nounitself or by the form or superior of words that modify, replace, or otherwise refer to the noun, as, in English, the choice of he to replace the man, of she to replace the woman, of it to replace the table, of it or she to replace the ship.The number of genders in contrary languages varies from 2 to much than 20 oft the classification correlates in part with sex or animateness. The most familiar sets of genders argon of three classes (as masculine, feminine, and neuter in Latin and German) or of two (as common and neuter in Dutch, or masculine and feminine in French and Spanish). (Dictionary. com 2012) This definition of gender is what said to take up fit the word however I believe that this is not the only way to describe a gender.Gender in my opinion the biological cook up up and the combination of actions and norms an item-by-item follows and goes by means of. The biological make up of an individual is not the only way to depict what gender th ey are associated with but the actions and ideas they follow can as well influence them. People are able to choose which gender they are associated with even if they keep an eye on a gender different from their biological make up. Definition of Technology Technology is similar to gender where there truly isnt one single definition behind the word.This term is also relatively new and has was not heavily used until World War one and two and after these event, the term began to be used as lots as the word science. (Lecture18, March 27th). Science and technology are often closely related to one another because technology relies on science and the more science that is understood, the more technology can be created and change. With this is mind, innovation is key to defining technology and how to describe what technology is.In one our lectures, Kevin Kelly described technology as, Anything that is invented after we are born. With this in mind, a definition of technology can be describe d as any new innovation created that may suspensor or hurt society as a whole. Authors Main Ideas The Authors of this article take a look into many different angles in the field of computer science.The ideas of the authors vary from some being where these individuals first got their first interest into this study. The authors also discuss the world around computer science and the individuals that are apart of this select group. Finally the authors also touch on the overall fact that the computer science is a field of study that is heavily associated with male users and students. Students who want to pursue this field of study often have different reasons and answers as the first enthusiastic moment in the study.The different reasons also relate to the basis of their gender. For many women in this study, there reasons to enter this field of study were to use the knowledge and information from studying to work with another field of study, such as education or science. Men on the othe r hand had different explanations or reasons for entranceway the field of computer science. many a(prenominal) men that were interviewed brought up a cadence in which they first remembered a fourth dimension in which computers interested them or discussed items that are used for technology.Margolis, Fisher and Miller, also discuss a finding from a studying done by a researcher named Brunner. In his study, he found The feminine take on technology looks right through the appliance to its social function, while the masculine view is more likely to be focused on the machine itself. As a result, when technology is introduced as an end in itself, as in a programming class, for instance, young women are less likely to be interested than young men. (Brunner, 1997). This study done by Brunner helps show partial reason why men are more likely to show a strong interest n technological studies and pursue degrees in these fields. Because of this gender barrier that women are going to have to overcome in these fields it does show that many women do face a harder time in this field because of a view they are more likely to see rather then males. many a(prenominal) individuals that pursue the study of technology often associate themselves as different from the average group of people. Many men that pursue this field often believe they are truly the right individual and they often see women in the field as weaker or as someone that may struggle.According to Margolis, Fisher and Miller, in regard to the selective take in and individuals that are perceived in the technological fields. The pervasive image of the computer science student has a more deleterious affect on women students (Margolis, Fisher and Miller 1998). Women are more affected by the image that select individuals are able to be apart of this assiduity. However not only are the classroom settings and social impact of other members impacting women. The media, Internet, and many other factors also impact women and the opportunities to pursue technology. These factors include the media depicting men as experts in technology, social expectations of different goals for boys and girls, the structure of learning tasks, the nature of feedback in performance situations, and the organization of classroom seating (Hale Pg 1). The social implications that women face show that they struggle when they are onerous to join the field of technology. Finally, the field of technology is a field in which males already heavily dominate the workforce amount often turning women forth from pursuing jobs and technological influence in the field.In their essay, Margolis, Fisher and Miller discuss the curriculum of computer science and its basic functions. Many classes in technological studies involve mathematics and scientific studies. Overall many of these classes have shown on average the men usually score high grades in these classes as these classes. Many women seem to steer away from classes like these b ecause of the heavy presence of males, and the pressure of males in the classroom setting. Another item that many individuals that are apart of this industry are often characterized as nerds or geeks.According to the sensitive York Times, another explanation for the drop in interest, which is linked to the pejorative figure of the nerd or geek. She said that this school of thought was Girls and young women dont want to be that person. (Spertus, 2008). Many individuals, but particularly men and women want to avoid being called a geek or nerd and because of these names associated with many people in this industry, many women avoid these studies. Critical AnalysisOverall Margolis, Fisher and Miller have shown many areas in which women and men have differences in the studies of computer Science field. The reasons for many of these individuals were different depending on their genders, which is often the case for many jobs and areas of studying. Many fields of studies do relate to ind ividuals with certain preferences and the way many are set up in structure can benefit one gender over another gender. This is a fair argument because there are certain curriculums that do tend to have classes that are easier and a slight expediency to different genders.Secondly, the fact that many women are steered away because of the intimidation of not having the image of a computer science individual is also true. People in general want to fit in with a group of people that they are going to be studying their major in. Because of the large decrease of women entering the field of computer science and technological studies, many women are beginning to feel isolated from others and intimidated by the class structure.Finally, the heavy dominating field of men and the often-characterized nicknames of geeks and nerds also turns many women away from these studies. The increasing number of men studying in this field turns away many women from entering the field through intimidation and the infamous nickname of geeks and nerds. These names often associated with people in technological studies can steer individuals that want to learn more about the technological field into a different area of study to prevent harassing.However, though Margolis, Fisher and Miller did bring up many excellent points about gender inequality and differences in the fields of technology, these authors did fail to bring into that fact the usage of ICTs varying amongst genders. Though many women do not pursue degrees or jobs in technological fields, they are still heavily active in their use. Women in general are the largest users of cell phones, and among races, African American Women are the largest users of the Internet. However men do dominate women in some categories of ICT usage.Males are most notably the users of online gaming, however among races, African American men are least likely to use any form of technology. These differences are important to acknowledge with gender differenc es in technology. Men and women do both have different usages of ICTs and races do play a small role in the measurement of ICTs. With this in mind, though there are gender differences that exist in the fields of technology and ICT usage, each gender does have an area in which they do have the dominant share of usage.Conclusion In the world we live in, technology is constantly growing and adopting. New innovations are causing changes in simple items and transforming items we would have never thought to have. Genders are playing roles in the usage of technology. Though genders may face barriers or issues that can cause them to struggle, each gender does control heavy usage in certain ICTs. Margolis, Fisher and Miller passage has helped show the decline in women in the field of technological studies, particularly in computer science.Many women meet much conflict from the curriculum, to the intimidation factor of a primarily men filled class setting, to the often associate selective gro up of people in this field. Though these problems are common, many women do continue to pursue in these fields. As a result, men and women both face gender conflicts with technology, and certain technologies are more associated with genders. Overall, men and women still benefit from technology and the growing deem of technology in the world will lead to new items and new change.

Product and Service Classifications

Product and service classifications Products and services wide range, whether for personal workout or business. Tangible, intangible. Depend on function they serve. Can be raw, unfinished or final goods.Generally classified depending on domestic use (final) or conducting business (further subprogrames) Organization, person, status and idea (IS) marketing POOP Organization marketing Activities to sell the org Create, change, guard the attitudes and behavior s of target consumers toward an organization Business firms sponsor advertising campaigns to advance image or market themselves to publics and stakeholders.Helps to market for free in media and improve investment confidence and improve sales from getting publicity Person marketing Used to build reputation of people recognized/business people. Create, change, maintain attitudes towards specific people. Make use of well- make don people to represent products to help them sell. musket ball Big razors with Tended Miterwort a ka the Beast Skillful marketing can turn persons name into a powerhouse taint.Egg Donald Trump and his self- titled products. Place marketing Create, change, maintain attitudes toward specific places from local to international. Places ar competing against each other for tourism business. Egg Tomorrow land in Belgium and Pizza in Spain both well- known company places of the world. Ideas marketing and social marketing can be general or specific The diffusion of notions which help market a product or service.It is much than advertising, it encourages the broad range use of marketing tools = all marketing strategies Like advertising that Colgate toothpaste is number 1 Part of this marketing is social marketing process of planning campaigns that influence individuals behavior toward helping a societys well- being using marketing tools all marketing tools 1) Benefits they want 2) Reducing barriers theyre concerned about and BY offend BEEPER 3) The use of persuasion to motivate thei r participation in programmer activities.Social marketing makes use of campaigns to promote awareness, such as health campaigns for cancer, env conjuremental campaigns for environment protection and others that promote equality and rights. Classified depending on the kind of consumers who use them. The distinction between the two is the purpose for buying the product. If a lawn lawn mower is bought just for home use it is a consumer product. If bought for lawn mowing business it is an industrial product. Part 1 Consumer products are Prod and service bought for final consumption. Classified on how they are bought.CUSS buying behavior, compare, cost, distribution, promotion frequency/method. Convenience P&Ss are Bought frequently, immediately with minimal confinement and without much pre purchase landing, info gathering or brand comparing. Except popular brand names, well known Egg sweets, cigarettes, fast food. Are usually low valued, placed in locations that make them easily o perable when required. (been in maturity stage for long time) egg coca cola Mass promotion Low customer involvement Unsought PSs Consumer dont know about or not think of buying or negative interest toward. Most new products on market are unsought.Egg life damages or blood donations. Price varies, Distribution varies, Aggressive promoting by producer/reseller Shopping PSs are pass Less frequently purchased products and services, higher price that customers compare carefully on price quality, suitability and style. Lots of time spent gathering info/comparing. Products distributed to few outlets, given info for comparison effort Egg Airline services, furniture. Advertising and personalized target selling by producer and reseller. Special itty As are Unique BRAND/characteristics ID = Loyalty. Certain groups impulsive to make special effort to get. Exclusive distribution and outlets to purchase, High price/low sensitivity cause of this dont compare invest only time needed to reach de alers carrying. Role/custom designed clothing. Specific targeting by producer/reseller Part 1 Industrial products are Products purchased for further processing or for use in conducting business Materials and Parts INPUTS/resources Price and service are the major marketing factors. Branding and advertising are less important. Raw materials consist of put up products such as livestock or fruit and Natural products such as wood and iron ore.Manufactured materials and parts consist of Component materials bid iron and cement and Component parts like motors and trees. Capital items PRODUCTIONS Aid in the buyers production or operations, including installations and accessory equipment Installations consists of major purchases like building (factories and offices) and fixed equipment like (generators, large computer systems) Accessory equipment includes Portable factory equipment and tools such as tractors and hand tools Office equipment such as computers and office desks, they have short er life than installations and tending in the production process.Supplies and services (business) sups ORBS services Bad m Supplies are the convenience products of the industrial field because purchased with minimum effort or comparison operating(a) supplies such as coal, paper, pencils Repair and maintenance items such as paint, nails and brooms Business services are services supplied under contract Include Maintenance and determine services such as carpet cleaning or computer repair. Business advisory services such as legal services or advertising.

Naturally Occuring Earth Quakes

- Naturally go alongring seisms recess types Tectonic seisms occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic physique slide fastener to drive fracture propagation on a cracking shroud. The sides of a fault move bypast each other smoothly anda unstableally yet if there be no irregularities orasperitiesalong the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do pass such asperities and this leads to a form ofstick-slip behaviour.Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion amongst the collection plates leads to change order focal point and therefore, stored attempt energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to chequer through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing thestored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elasticstrainseismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the stone, thus causing an quake.This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as theelastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquakes total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquakes energy is used to office the earthquakefracturegrowth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earths availableelastic potential energyand raise its temperature, though these changes ar negligible comp atomic number 18d to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from theEarths deep interior. 2 quake fault types important articleFault (geology) There are three important types of fault that may showcase an earthquake normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the teddy along the fault is in the direction ofdipand fecal matter on them involves a ver tical comp unitynt. Normal faults occur of importly in field of studys where the crust is beingextendedsuch as adivergent boundary. reversion faults occur in areas where the crust is being mulctenedsuch as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faultsare teep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by apparent motion on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip this is cognise as oblique slip. Reverse faults, particularly those alongconvergent plate boundariesare associated with the most powerful earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults, particularly continentaltransforms tidy sum produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8.Earthquakes associated with normal faults are worldwidely less than magnitude 7. This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitud e, is proportional to the area of the fault that cracks3and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the big the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earths crust, and the placid slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet which washbowl store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures.Rocks hotter than about 300 degrees Celsius flow in response to stress they do non rupture in earthquakes. 45The supreme observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults, which may modernise in one go are approximately deoxycytidine monophosphate0km. Examples are the earthquakes inChile, 1960Alaska, 1957Sumatra, 2004, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, uniform theSan Andreas Fault(1857, 1906), theNorth Anatolian Faultin Turkey (1939) and theDenali Faultin Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter.Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in theCarrizo Plain, northwest of Los Angeles The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault is however non the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is precise shallow, typically about 10 degrees. 6Thus the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can sustain 50 to 100km (Tohoku, 2011Alaska, 1964), making the most powerful earthquakes possible.Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10km within the brittle crust,7thus earthquakes with magnitudes over very much braggyr than 8 are not possible. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Ic eland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about 6km. 89 In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. 10This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that pushes the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (greatestprincipal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass escapes in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass up, thus the overburden equals theleastprincipal stress.Strike-slip faulting is intermediate amongst the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress d rop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions. Earthquakes away from plate boundaries chief(prenominal) articleIntraplate earthquake Where plate boundaries occur withincontinental lithosphere, tortuousness is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself.In the case of theSan Andreas faultcontinental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e. g. , the Big bend region). TheNorthridge earthquakewas associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between theArabianandEurasian plateswhere it runs through the northwestern part of theZagrosmountains.The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly native thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquakefocal mechanisms. 11 All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e. g. deglaciation12).These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise tointraplate earthquakes. 13 Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes Main articleDepth of focus (tectonics) The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70km are classified as shallow-focus earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300km are commonly termed mid-focus or intermediate-depth earthquakes.Insubduction zones, where older and colderoceanic crustdescends beneath another tectonic plate,deep-focus ea rthquakesmay occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700kilometers). 14These seismically active areas of subduction are know asWadati-Benioff zones. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subductedlithosphereshould no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused byolivineundergoing aphase transitioninto aspinelstructure. 15 Earthquakes and volcanic activity Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both bytectonicfaults and the movement ofmagmainvolcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during theMount St. Helenseruption of 1980. 16Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be record by seismometers andtiltmeters(a winding that measures ground set up) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions. 17 R upture dynamicsA tectonic earthquake pay backs by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The collection plate of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. The possibility that the nucleation involves some sort of breeding process is supported by the observation that about 40% of earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks.Once the rupture has initiated it begins to propagate along the fault surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood, partly because it is difficult to recreate the high sliding velocities in a laboratory. Also the effects of strong ground motion make it very difficult to record information close to a nucleation zone. 18 Rupture propagation is generally modeled using afrac ture mechanicsapproach, likening the rupture to a propagating mixed mode shear crack. The rupture speeding is a function of the fracture energy in the volume around the crack tip, increasing with decreasing fracture energy.The velocity of rupture propagation is orders of magnitude faster than the displacement velocity across the fault. Earthquake ruptures typically propagate at velocities that are in the clench 7090% of the S-wave velocity and this is independent of earthquake size. A small subset of earthquake ruptures appear to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. Thesesupershear earthquakeshave all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the2001 Kunlun earthquakehas been attributed to the effects of thesonic boomdeveloped in such earthquakes.Some earthquake ruptures hold out at unusually low velocities and are referred to asslow earthquakes. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is t hetsunami earthquake, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighbouring coast, as in the1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake. 18 Tidal forces See similarlyEarthquake predictionTides Research work has shown a robust correlation between small tidally induced forces and non-volcanic fear activity. 19202122 Earthquake clusters Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. 23Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. 24 Aftershocks Main articleAftershock An by and byshock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the of importshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude.If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the ma in shock and the original main shock is redesignated as aforeshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displacedfault planeadjusts to the effects of the main shock. 23 Earthquake swarms Main articleEarthquake swarm Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series ofaftershocksby the fact that no hotshot earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable high magnitudes than the other.An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity atYellowstone National Park. 25 Earthquake thrusts Main articleEarthquake storm Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort ofearthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shakiness or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar toaftershocksbut on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and w ith some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones.Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck theNorth Anatolian Faultin Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East. 2627 - Size and frequency of occurrence It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with catamenia instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. 2829Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places likeCaliforniaandAlaskain the U. S. , as surface as nMexico,Guatemala,Chile,Peru,Indonesia,Iran,Pakistan, theAzoresinPortugal,Turkey, modern Zealand,Greece,Italy, andJapan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, includingNew York City,London, andAustralia. 30Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time p eriod than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are an earthquake of 3. 4. 6 every year, an earthquake of 4. 75. 5 every 10years, and an earthquake of 5. 6 or larger every 100years. 31This is an example of theGutenberg-Richter law. TheMessina earthquakeand tsunami took as many as 200,000 lives on December 28, 1908 inSicilyandCalabria. 32 The number of seismic stations has change magnitude from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast advancement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes.TheUnited States Geological Surveyestimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7. 07. 9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8. 0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. 33In young years, t he number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. citation neededMore detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from theUnited States Geological Survey(USGS). 34A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low-intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case. 35 Most of the worlds earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000km long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as thePacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds thePacific Plate. 3637Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along theHimalayan Mountains. 38 With the rapi d growth ofmega-citiessuch asMexico City,TokyoandTehran, in areas of highseismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 cardinal people. 39 - Induced seismicity Main articleInduced seismicity While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earthstectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes.Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon storing large amounts of pissing behind adam(and possibly grammatical construction an extremely heavybuilding), drilling and injecting liquid intowells, and byember miningandoil drilling. 40Perhaps the best known example is the2008 Sichuan earthquakein ChinasSichuan statein May this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the19th deadliest earthquake of all time. TheZipingpu Damis believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503m) away this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault. 41Th e greatest earthquake in Australias history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastlewas built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process. 42 - Measuring and locating earthquakes Main articleSeismology Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, becauseseismic wavestravel through the wholeEarths interior.The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by numbers on theMoment magnitude scale(formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modifiedMercalli intensity scale(intensity IIXII). Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities * LongitudinalP-waves(shock- or pressure waves) * TransverseS-waves(both body waves) * Surfac e waves (RayleighandLovewaves) Propagation velocityof the seismic waves ranges from approx. km/s up to 13km/s, depending on thedensityandelasticityof the medium. In the Earths interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1. 7 1). The differences intravel timefrom theepicentreto the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to visit both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of thehypocentercan be computed roughly. In solid rock P-waves travel at about 6 to 7km per second the velocity increases within the deep mantle to 13km/s.The velocity of S-waves ranges from 23km/s in light sediments and 45km/s in the Earths crust up to 7km/s in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earths mantle. Rule of thumb On the average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P and S wavetimes 8. 43Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analyses of seismograms the Earths message was located in 1913 byBeno Gutenberg.Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754Flinn-Engdahl regions(F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. - cause of earthquakes 1755 copper engraving depictingLisbonin ruins and in flames after the1755 Lisbon earthquake, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. Atsunamioverwhelms the ships in the harbor.The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following shiver and ground rupture Damaged buildings inPort-au-Prince,Haiti, January 2010. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquakemagnitude, the distance from theepicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reducewave propagation. 44The ground-shaking is measured byground acceleration.Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of theseismicmotion from hard deep soils to salving superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earths surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes.Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such asda ms, bridges andnuclear power stationsand requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any which are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure. 45 Landslides and avalanches Main articleLandslide Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslips, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency mortalnel are attempting rescue. 46 FiresFires of the1906 San Francisco earthquake Earthquakes can causefiresby damagingelectrical poweror gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a damage of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the1906 San Francisco earthquakewere caused by fire than by the earthquake itself. 47 Soil liquefaction Main articleSoil liquefaction Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturatedgranularmaterial (suc h as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from asolidto aliquid.Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves. 48 Tsunami The tsunami of the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake A large ferry boat rests inland amidst destroyed houses after a 9. 0earthquakeand subsequent tsunami struck Japan in March 2011. Main articleTsunami Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water.In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800kilometers per hour (373497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an ear thquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak ravaging on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. 49 Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7. on the Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7. 5 or more. 49 gorges Main articleFlood A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. 50Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged.Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods. 51 The terrain below theSarez LakeinTaji kistanis in danger of catastrophic flood if thelandslide damformed by the earthquake, known as theUsoi Dam, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5million people. 52 Human impacts An earthquake may cause injury and dismission of life, road and bridge damage, generalproperty damage(which may or may not be covered byearthquake insurance), and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings.The aftermath may bringdisease, lack of basic necessities, and higher insurance premiums. - Major earthquakes Earthquakes of magnitude 8. 0 and greater since 1900. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities. 53 Main articleList of earthquakes wiz of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history occurred on 23 January 1556 in theShaanxiprovince, China, killing more than 830,000 people (see1556 Shaanxi earthquake). 54Most of the population in the area at the time lived inyaodongs, artificial caves inloesscliffs, many of which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The1976 Tangshan earthquake, with a death toll estimated to be between 240,000 to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. 55 The1960 Chilean Earthquakeis the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9. 5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. 2829Its epicenter was near Canete, Chile.The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, theGood Friday Earthquake, which was centered inPrince William Sound, Alaska. 5657The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all beenmegathrust earthquakes however, of these ten, only the2004 Indian Ocean earthquakeis simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to every heavily populated areas or the ocea n, where earthquakes often createtsunamisthat can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away.Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes. - Prediction Main articleEarthquake prediction Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts byseismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. 58However, for well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated. 59 Earthquake warning systemshave been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the systems range to seek shelter before the earthquakes impact is felt. - Preparedness Th e objective ofearthquake engineeringis to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to derogate the risk of damage.Existing structures can be modified byseismic retrofittingto emend their resistance to earthquakes. Earthquake insurancecan provide building owners with financial surety against losses resulting from earthquakes. Emergency managementstrategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences. - Historical views An image from a 1557 book From the lifetime of the Greek philosopherAnaxagorasin the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth. 60Thalesof Miletus, who lived from 625547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. 60Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines (585526 BCE) beliefs that s hort incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes. 60Pliny the Eldercalled earthquakes underground thunderstorms. 60 - Earthquakes in culture Mythology and religionInNorse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the godLoki. When Loki,godof mischief and strife, murderedBaldr, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Lokis wifeSigynstood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Lokis face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble. 61 InGreek mythology,Poseidonwas the cause and god of earthquakes.When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with atrident, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear u pon people as revenge. 62 InJapanese mythology,Namazu(? ) is a giantcatfishwho causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is observe by the godKashimawho restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes. Popular culture In modernpopular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such asKobe in 1995orSan Francisco in 1906. 63Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. 63For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as inShort Walk to Daylight(1972),The Ragged Edge(1968) orAftershock Earthquake in New York(1998). 63A notable example is Heinrich von Kleists classic novella,The Earthquake in Chile, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. Haruki Murakamis short fiction collectionafter the quakedepicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 19 95.The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical Big One expected ofCaliforniasSan Andreas Faultsomeday, as depicted in the novelsRichter 10(1996) andGoodbye California(1977) among other works. 63Jacob M. Appels widely anthologized short story,A Comparative Seismology, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. 64InPleasure Boating in Lituya Bay, one of the stories inJim ShepardsLike Youd Understand, Anyway, the Big One leads to an even more devastating tsunami.In the film2012(2009), solar flares (geologically implausibly) affecting the Earths core caused massive destabilization of the Earths crust layers. This created destruction planet-wide with earthquakes and tsunamis, foreseen by theMayanculture and myth surrounding the last year noted in theMesoamerican calendar2012. contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to like a shot afflicted families and their loved ones. 65Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. 6667Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who are able to protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to swear out them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown even more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. 68As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, such as those of the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks or Hurricane Katrinaand has been recently observed in the2010 Haiti earthquake, it is also important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate these reactions, to support constructive problem-solving and reflection as to how one might improve the conditions of those affected. 69