The Acquisition Team

The Acquisition Team is an information-based organization that is composed of more specialists than in the traditional command-and-control organization. Members of an acquisition team consist of multi-organizational as well as cross-functional, i. e. contractors, suppliers, acquisition professionals (Engelbeck, 2002). The focus of this paper is to present the students selection of a business opportunity offered by the Department of Energy and found at http://www. fbo. org/. This student will analyse the posting and then â€Å"reverse engineer† the notice to create the ideal agency’s acquisition team that could have prepared this solicitation. This student will also cite and summarize the FAR provisions for the formation of the acquisition team, describe the nature and specifications of the project, identify every area of expertise needed on the acquisition team, using the â€Å"Bodies of Knowledge† diagram in Engelbeck, Chapter 2, as a basis, and justify the involvement of each team member by describing his or her specific contribution to the solicitation/ request for proposal and later steps of the procurement process. Finally, the student will describe the steps to follow and ensure that the solicitation notice is complete, clear, and accurate before submitting it for posting on the FedBizOpps. gov Website. FAR Provisions for the formation of the acquisition team. The dissemination of Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) in 1984 replicated the Congress' intention to create a structure that was uniform for Executive Branch federal contracting. Prior to the introduction of the FAR, civilian agencies and the defence services had different and self owned set of regulations. The FAR is codified at Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations. It consists of regulations and rules as articulated by the United States federal government that governs the procurement processes for the government. The FAR contains the standardized procedures and policies for acquisitions by any and all federal government agencies. After the circulation of the FAR, the standardization goal was destabilized by the diverse agency-specific supplements (Vacketta, 1999). The FAR enforces the implementation of nearly every decision-making plan related to procurement. It is also within the FAR mandate to accomplish every stage of the process of acquisition. FAR 1. 102 (d) stipulates that: The function of every member of the Acquisition Team is to ensure the exercise of individual initiative and effective business decision while providing the best value product and service that meet the needs of the customers (Acquipedia, 2012). It further explains the scope and procedure of the acquisition team. This consists of the federal government team members responsible for integration tasks constraint and contracting negotiations including the requiring activity, the paying agent team, the contracting officer, financial management and others. Summary of the FAR Provisions for Acquisition Team Opportunity: Supply of Silicon Drift Detector Summary of Opportunity Opportunity is typically defined as the occasion and time that present favourable circumstance to attain precise goals. The details of opportunity identified on http://www. fbo. org/ are as presented below: a. Opportunity title / project location: Supply of Silicon Drift Detector b. Solicitation Number: RC238923 c. Agency: Department of Energy d. Office: Brookhaven National Laboratory (DOE Contractor) e. [Office] Location: Brookhaven f. URL: https://www. fbo. gov/? s=opportunity&mode=form&id=a95ff19f0cbf7a7448fbd5503527130b&tab=core&_cview=0 Nature and Specifications of the Project This is a short-term project in which a federal government body requires the supply of Silicon Drift Detectors. The Contractor is required to deliver 1 Silicon Drift Detector to the US Department of Energy. The project requires fixed pricing terms. The Silicon Drift Detector should be delivered within 180 days upon the signing of the contract at the Department of Energy office, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven. The timings are required to be identified by the COR Feb 01, 2013 11:59 pm Eastern: Provision 333 — Machinery Manufacturing/333999 — All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing, many others as stipulated in AMS – Form – 010, rev. 5, should be considered for the entire process involved in the solicitation and acquisition. Technical specifications of the Hitachi Vortex Silicon Drift Detectors are that it must have a cylindrical Snout. The length of the snout should be 638 millimetres. The detector must be Ultra High Vacuum compatible with active detection area of not less than 500mm2. The unit must be usable indoor/outdoor with 12. 5 ?m window. The detector must operate with power supplies operating at 220-240 volts. Area of Expertise Required The â€Å"bodies of knowledge†, for this project consists of contracting, finance, engineering, logistics, legal, test and evaluation and cost estimates as identified by Engelbeck (2002). The areas of expertise are as outlined below: Contracting expertise will be required since it will facilitate the selection process of a contractor or vendor of Silicon Drift Detectors. The expertise includes communication skills that will enhance the process of dealing with the customer and the supplier. This will help develop trust among the acquisition team. The drafting of the contract will become easy relative to the project priorities. Risk allocation will be easily identified in managing beforehand to make the deal successful. Financial expertise will be required for the project in establishing the financing terms and budgets related to the project. This expertise will facilitate the valuation of the project for the valuable price to be considered for solicitation. Engineering expertise will be required since it will facilitate the classification of technical stipulations required for the project at hand. References for at least three successfully-manufactured, assembled, tested and delivered single-element detectors with similar complexities as the quoted product must be provided. Logistics is a central part of the project since it specifies the items and timings for the project delivery. It will also facilitate the control of the inventory and related costs to be effective in controlling extra costs. Any project under FAR should be incorporated to the law governing the situation hence Legal considerations will be critical as the terms and conditions must be aligned to FAR. Test and evaluation are as important as any other consideration because failure to create standards for the project will make it impossible to create effectiveness in the project. Evaluation is important to be considered as it will facilitate the future course of actions. Cost estimates are critical as they present the bottom-line of project. All the financials related to this project are based on cost estimates. The cost estimates are an underlying factor to the evaluation of the quality standards. Involvement of Team Members Contemporary, the integration of team members is fundamental to acquire the quoted product with the required specifications to effectively complete the processes and projects on time. The contribution of each member in the team will create synergy. Their presence during the project will act as a positive energy for team success. The involvement of each team member is based on their area of expertise: The end user is the definitive team member. In this case, the end user is the staff at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The staffs represent the Department of Energy which offers valuable resource for the Silicon Drift Detectors being procured. The Program Manager will make sure that the ensuing agreement meets the long- and short-range requirements of the project’s mission and that the design produce the intended results. The contracting officers will make sure that all contract activities comply with relevant laws, regulations, executive orders, and other applicable measures including approvals and clearances. Financial managers will ensure the provision of information needed by the team to make decisions on the amount of money available. The legal counsel will ensure continuous provision of guidance related to legal compliance and interpretation of regulations and laws. All team members will provide necessary and continuous support throughout the project lifecycle. Steps for Solicitation Completion There are a number of steps that will be applied to make sure that the solicitation notice is clear, complete, and accurate prior to submission for posting on the FedBizOpps. gov Website. Prior to finalization of the draft solicitation, the officer in charge of contracting may issue a draft solicitation to obtain questions and comments from a group of potential (but not eligible) candidates before releasing the final solicitation. This will help to better refine the solicitation and clarify any vagueness. Posting the draft solicitation will allow exchange with industry in the form of questions, suggestions, corrections and comments that can improve the final solicitation. The contracting officer will also make a request for a review of the draft solicitation by the counsel and project officer in harmony with procedures prior to release. Upon review, the contracting officers should then seek and obtain the concluding approval from the agency leadership (Gouder, 2007).

Patient Safety in Rural Nursing Because of Nursing Shortage Essay

The United States is in the midst of a nursing shortage that is being increasingly discussed in the context of declining healthcare facilities in the nation. Over 1 in 7 hospitals (15%) report a severe RN nursing shortage with more than 20% of their nursing positions vacant and 80%-85% of hospitals report that they have a nurse shortage This shortage is predicted to intensify over the next decade or two as nurses belonging to the generation of baby boomers retire. The Nursing Management Aging Workforce Survey released in July 2006 by the Bernard Hodes Group reveals that 55% of surveyed nurses and nurse managers reported their intention to retire between 2011 and 2020 (AACN, 2006). In April 2006, officials with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) released projections that the nation’s nursing shortage would grow to more than one million nurses by the year 2020 (HRSA, 2003). Nursing colleges and universities are struggling to expand enrollment levels. In the report titled â€Å"What is Behind HRSA’s Projected Supply, Demand, and Shortage of Registered Nurses? † analysts show that all 50 states will experience a shortage of nurses to varying degrees by the year 2015 (AACN, 2006). Factors driving the growth in demand for nurses include: an 18 % increase in the population; a larger proportion of elderly persons requiring proportionally higher levels of medical care; advances in medical technology that heighten the need for nurses; an increase in the number of work settings for nurses and demographic changes in an increasing U.  S. population (HRSA, 2003). Factors that are causing a decrease in the supply of nurses are: the declining number of nursing school enrollees, graduates and faculty; the aging of the registered nurse workforce; work environment issues leading to job burnout and dissatisfaction; high nurse turnover and vacancy rates; and declines in relative earnings (HRSA, 2003). Due to this critical imbalance between the supply and demand of nurses, the United States is today facing a nursing shortage crisis. Nursing shortage in rural settings: Research shows that nursing shortage as defined by the federal government exists mainly in rural areas of the country that are far away from metropolitan areas. These areas suffer more from nursing shortage than urban areas due to lack of economic resources to compete with urban based employers, inadequate training for nurses to practice in rural settings and dependence on non-hospital care settings in the rural areas. According to a paper published by the National Clearinghouse for Frontier Communities, â€Å"Impacts and Innovations in Frontier America† (December 2004), nurse shortages in frontier and rural communities derive not only from the current national shortage of nurses but also a long-standing trend favoring rural-to-urban migration of the educated, skilled workforce. There is also the issue of money. When examined by rurality, LPNs in rural settings ($21,941) report an income 23% lower than that reported by LPNs in urban settings ($28,408) (NCSBN, 2006). A large number of rural communities are losing existing employment and education opportunities and the paper suggests that the community context of a nurse shortage can be addressed only through community-based development approaches as well as the crafting of healthy rural policies. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation published a report titled â€Å"The American Nursing Shortage† with the help of its researchers Bobbi Kimball and Edward O’Neil. According to this report, even when some people feel a calling for the professions such as nursing, they are deterred by certain dimensions of the lifestyle, such as low pay, compulsory mobility and the need for service in rural areas. Available data and literature suggest that the impact of the nursing shortage on rural and frontier communities varies greatly from community to community. IN some rural places, there is no difficulty in filling vacancies but there may be just a few good paying jobs. However, in most rural areas, recruiting for openings is estimated to take about 60 percent longer to fill than in urban areas (Long 2000). Nurse employers receive many applications but often find applicants do not meet desired qualifications and then, they often have to accept lower qualifications to fill positions. Differences in education between frontier and non-frontier nurses exist both in their basic nursing education and the highest degree earned (FEC, 2003). Fully half of frontier nurses had qualified as RNs through associate degree (ADN) programs, in comparison with 40% of the non-frontier nurses; in contrast, non-frontier nurses were more likely to have attended diploma or BSN programs. Differences remain when looking at highest degree received; 44% of frontier nurses’ highest degree is the ADN, in contrast with 34% of the non-frontier nurses. And, while the percentage of nurses who have earned a bachelors degree is slightly lower among frontier nurses (30% frontier, 33% non-frontier), the percentage who has earned masters degrees is also lower among frontier (7% frontier compared with 10% non-frontier) (FEC, 2003). At Prairie Vista Nursing Home in Holyoke, Colorado, a town of about 1,900 people about 130 miles northeast of Denver, administrators reportedly had to work double shifts to cover shifts after a nurse retired. Recruiting nurses to work in rural areas is difficult to begin with; and, when urban-trained nurses enter rural practice, they often find they are ill-prepared for the demands of the job, contributing to job dissatisfaction and turnover. Once there, they typically find it difficult to access continuing education opportunities that fit their needs. â€Å"When educators bring their knowledge to us, they often do not realize that we practice differently than urban centers do† (rural nurse, quoted in Molinari 2001). In the rural setting, nurses typically fill multiple roles. There is a need for a broad range of skills and cross training in multiple jobs. â€Å"Rural nursing requires a high level of generalist skills and critical thinking† (Fahs, Findholt et al. 2003). Another issue is that the ethnic composition of the rural nurse workforce does not correspond with the population it serves. The ANA Rural Nursing module identifies five factors that affect rural nursing practice: threats to anonymity and confidentiality; traditional gender roles; geographic isolation; professional isolation; and scarce resources (Bushy 2004). Patient safety for nursing shortage in rural settings: Surveys and studies published recently confirm that the shortage of registered nurses is impacting the delivery of health care in the U. S. and negatively affecting patient outcomes. Research now shows that how well patients are cared for by nurses affects their health, and sometimes can be a matter of life or death. These studies have found that (HRSA, 2003): †¢ A total of 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors (Harvard School of Public Health, 2002,); A higher proportion of nursing care and a greater number of hours of care by nurses per day are associated with better outcomes for hospitalized patients (Needleman et al. , 2002); †¢ Nursing actions, such as ongoing monitoring of patient’s health status, are directly related to better health outcomes (Kahn et al. , 1990) ; †¢ 126,000 nurses are needed immediately to fill vacancies at our Nation’s hospitals. Today, 75% of all hospital vacancies are for nurses (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2002); Low nurse staffing levels have contributed to 24% of unanticipated events in hospitals that resulted in death, injury or permanent loss of function (Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002); †¢ Patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with low nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7% (Aiken et. al. , 2002); Low nursing staff levels were a contributing factor in 24% of hospitals’ reports of patient deaths and injuries since 1996 (Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002); †¢ Less nursing time provided to patients is associated with higher rates of infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, cardiac arrest, and death from these and other causes (Needleman et al. , 2002); and †¢ Nurse executives surveyed indicated that staffing shortages are contributing to emergency department overcrowding and the need to close beds (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2002). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002 has issued a warning that failure to address the problem of nursing shortage in rural areas will result in increased deaths, complications, lengths-of-stay and other undesirable patient outcomes. JCAHO examined 1,609 hospital reports of patient deaths and injuries since 1996 and found that low nursing staff levels were a contributing factor in 24% of the cases (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002). New research indicates that a shortage of registered nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and higher degree level is endangering patients. In an article in the September 24, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Linda Aiken and her colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania found that patients experience significantly lower mortality and failure to rescue rates in hospitals where more baccalaureate-prepared nurses provide direct patient care. At least 1,700 preventable deaths could have been realized in Pennsylvania hospitals alone if baccalaureate-prepared nurses had comprised 60% of the nursing staff and the nurse-to-patient ratios had been set at 1 to 4. Unfortunately, only 11% of PA hospitals have more than 50% of the nursing staff prepared at the baccalaureate level ( Institute of Medicine, 2003). A survey titled â€Å"Views of Practicing Physicians and the Public on Medical Errors†, conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation reported in the December 12, 2002 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine found that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors. Overall, 42% of the public and more than a third of U. S. octors reported that they or their family members have experienced medical errors in the course of receiving medical care (AACN, 2006). Nurse researchers at the University of Pennsylvania determined that patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with high nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Funded by the National Institute for Nursing Research, the study found that every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7% (AACN, 2006). According to an extensive study by Dr.  Jack Needleman and Peter Buerhas, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2002, a higher proportion of nursing care provided by RNs and a greater number of hours of care by RNs per day are associated with better outcomes for hospitalized patients (AACN, 2006). Conclusion: Available data and literature suggest that the issue of nurse shortage is a national one. Yet, the impact of nurse shortage is better seen in the rural areas where nurses are not well paid, existing nurses are not well qualified and patients are dependent on local medical facilities. Because most frontier and rural communities are distant from hospitals, residents may rely on non-hospital based care settings for a greater proportion of their care than their urban counterparts. Due to these reasons, nurse shortage in rural areas has endangered patient safety. Nurses are the primary source of care and support in the health care sector and hence, a sufficient supply of nurses is critical in providing the national and especially the rural population with quality health care. Nurses are expected to play an even larger role in the future.

King of Canada

Stat 332 Sampling and Experimental Design: (Due: 12:29pm before class, Friday, Oct 19, 2012) Assignment 2 1. In the upcoming US presidential election this November, Florida is a key swing state that is very important in determining the outcome. Currently the Democratic candidate Barack Obama and the Republican candidate Mitt Romney are virtually tied in recent polls. For this question, you can use 9 million as our population size; this is approximately the total number votes in the 2008 presidential election in Florida. a) The latest poll asked 890 likely voters and found that the proportion of Florida residents likely to vote for the Democratic candidate is 47%, construct a 95% con? dence interval for this estimate under the SRSWOR. By the way, the support for Republican is 46%, and the rest are undecided. (b) If a news organization wants to conduct a SRSWOR survey to ? nd out the percentage of Florida residents supporting the Democratic candidate, what is the sample size needed to achieve a result which is accurate within 0. percentage point, 19 out 20 times? 2. We have 120 students in Stat332. (a) What is the total number of possible samples of size 10 under SRSWOR? (b) Suppose that among the 120 students of Stat332, 60 are male students and 60 are female students. We want to perform a STSRS (strati? ed simple random sampling) with male students and female students being two strata, and we want to survey 5 students from each stratum, what is the total number of possible samples? What is the ratio of the two numbers (STSRS/SRSWOR)? 3. Lohr (2010) Ch3, Q10 part a.Hard shell clams may be sampled by using a dredge. Clams do not tend to be uniformly distributed in a body of water, however, as some areas provide better habitat than others. Thus, taking a simple random sample is likely to result in a large estimated variance for the number of clams in an area. Russell (1972) used strati? ed random sampling to estimate the total number of bushels of hard shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The area of interest was divided into four strata based on preliminary surveys that identi? d areas in which clams were abundant. Then nh dredge tows were made in stratum h, for h = 1, 2, 3, 4. The acreage for each stratum was known, and Russell calculated that the area ? shed during a standard dredge tow was 0. 039 acres, so that we may use Nh = 25. 6 ? Areah . Here are the results from the survey taken before the commercial season. Estimate the total number of bushels of clams in the area, and give the standard error of your estimate. Stratum 1 2 3 4 Area Number of (Acres) Tows Made 222. 81 4 49. 61 6 50. 25 3 197. 1 5 Average Number of Sample Variance Bushels per Tow for Stratum 0. 44 0. 068 1. 17 0. 042 3. 92 2. 146 1. 80 0. 794 4. Assume the sample variance in Q3 is a good estimate for the strata variance, and we want a strati? ed sample size of n = 21. (a) Calculate the stratum sample sizes under proportional allocati on. (b) Calculate the stratum sample sizes under optimal (Neyman) allocation. (c) What are the values (approximately) of V (? st ) with sample size allocations of (a) and y (b), respectively? Compare these two variances and comment. . Foresters want to estimate the average age of trees in a stand. Determining age is cumbersome, because one needs to count the tree rings on a core taken from the tree. In general, though, the older the tree, the larger the diameter, and diameter is easy to measure. The foresters measure the diameter of all 1132 trees and ? nd that the population mean equals 10. 3. They then randomly select 20 trees for age measurement. The data can be downloaded as hw2q5. txt from course website on Waterloo Learn and read into R using d

Nursing and Self-Care Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Nursing and Self-Care Management - Case Study Example The hands are to be washed and before doing anything to the patient it is vital to explain to Mrs Smith whatever action about to be performed. I will enquire medical records of in a bid to establish the medical history of the patient as well as her feelings and perception towards the recent diagnosis. Finally, it will also be vital to enquire if there is any information that may be of great help towards the determination of the ailment as well as any leading factors that may have contributed to the patient’s latest predicaments (Paraska, 2012). Mrs Smith previous history indicated that she had been diagnosed with Osteoarthritis and lately congestive heart failure. Osteoarthritis is a condition that affects the joints of the human body. Normally the joints are cushioned with a cartilage that prevents friction between the joint bones during motion. However, when the cartilage deteriorates these bones rub on each other resulting in painful inflammation. The condition is common in women and children with the grossly affected age being the age of 40 to 60 years. Its characteristic symptoms are morning stiffness, pains at the joints, swell at the affected joints and reduced activities. Conversely, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a condition characterised by loss of or shortness of breath, fatigue, and reduced activities. This is due to the heart fails to supply oxygen and nutrients to other organs or to all parts of the body (Fawcett & Madeya, 2013). The self-care management goal that is related to the above-discussed ailments is by examining Mrs Smith’s lifestyle and giving appropriate advice on the need to readjust her lifestyle.In most cases, individual lifestyle is always the causative factors that lead to arthritis. This can be due to remedied through regular exercising, maintenance of proper diet, proper sleep and others (Williams & Hopper, 2011). The intervention strategies that can be employed in the above-mentioned cases factoring her age is by advising her to try to maintain a healthy lifestyle by continuously getting involved in light activities, ensuring that she adheres her eating habits to proper dieting.

Marketing Exam Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Exam Questions - Assignment Example Web marketing entails use of web sites and search engines to provide information about the prices and other aspects of firm’s brands to the consumers. Email marketing on the other hand involves marketing of brands through the use of messages sent to the existing and potential consumers. Social marketing, one of the most used marketing channels in the contemporary business world, entails use of social sites that includes Face book, You Tube, Digg and Twitter. The concept of perceived benefits and perceived sacrifices indicates that for a customer to experience his or her value, the perceived value or the gain of acquiring the product must be higher than the cost of acquiring the product. An organization can adopt three major value parameters. First, a firm must provide a marketing strategy that meets and exceeds customer needs. Secondly, in a service industry, a firm should ensure that its customers feel comfortable and valued, based on the services provided by the company. Thi rdly, in a manufacturing industry, customers must be provided with a service that is of higher value as compared to that of the competitors. Internet marketing that is aimed at matching customer value and reflecting on extensive marketing effectively applies the concept of perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice. ... Similarly, Virgin Company has a culture of placing its customers at the centre of its operations. For example, the company has embarked on market research and innovation in order to come up with products that meet the needs of its customers. The Consumers are satisfied when they perceive that psychological costs as well the cost of conversion of sacrifices to benefits are lower that the value they will receive. Thus there is need for companies that aim at creating strong positive customer product relationship emulate internet marketing that provides valuable information to the consumers. By upholding customer value, McDonald’s and Virgin Atlantic have created strong customer base resulting to high sales and sustainable profit for the firms. Similarly, the customers have become loyal towards the firms brands an aspect that has resulted to repeated purchases and strong relationship between the firms and the consumers. Question B Marketing myopia is a marketing term that indicate s that any firm or business will do well at the end if the firm concentrates on consumers and its aim is to meet the customer needs rather that the products the firm sells to the customers. Many financial organizations thought that Virgin would be a threat when it entered United Kingdom market in the middle 1990s since it allowed postal strike of the workers and introduction of products that caused a lot of competition in the market. Virgin aim was to do away with monopoly of firms and products thus many thought that virgin was a threat to the existing business. The introduction of virgin in United Kingdom led to transformation of many companies for example a firm like

Organize a debate on the vietnam war, iraqi war or any controversial Essay

Organize a debate on the vietnam war, iraqi war or any controversial historical event that has taken place within 40years. Write - Essay Example Hussein did not comply with the inspection, prompting the United Nations to draft a resolution seeking for serious consequences if the Iraqi leader dismissed the UN Security Council’s strict inspection of the alleged dangerous weapons. Now, had Hussein not cultivated nuclear weapons, he could have freely let the team inspect and let his conscience be freed. If there were no impositions of serious actions towards terrorism, Iraqi people would still remain to witness a never-ending siege of terrorism, hiding behind Hussein’s dictatorship. Second justification, had the U.S. and its allies not launched the war, global security is at stake (Copson 4). The Al Qaeda terrorist organization has established connections with the radical leader, and the creation of nuclear weapons is a stepping stone to Iraq’s claiming to govern the world under his tutelage. The war was an indication, moreover, to other countries, which are cultivating destructive weapons to learn a lesson f rom the war in order for them to stop. For instance, Libyan dictator Gaddafi was reported to have ceased creating weapons of mass destruction upon knowing what happened to Saddam Hussein. Furthermore, Iraqis were freed from the regime of Saddam Hussein, which clearly would not happen if the United States remained relaxed. It is a concession that war yields damages, both life and property. However, it is also true that the clear and present danger posed by these weapons would turn out killing millions of people than one expected if there are no actions to stop violence and terrorism. Therefore, the war in Iraq in 2003 was worth it. Negative Side’s Justifications. It is ironic to talk peace while using violence to achieve it. This basic premise holds true to everyone, regardless of race, gender, religion and ideology. The 2003 Iraq war was an exaggerated action for an unproven claim that Iraq owns weapons of mass destructions (Prados and Ames par. 15), and posited questions to the real motive of the United States in waging the war; therefore, it is not worth it. First, the war killed, not just the alleged supporters of the terrorist organization Al Qaeda, but including children and civilian citizens. If Hussein’s body is highly important, then the United States should have launched a manhunt operation against him and his supporter so as to avoid collateral damages (Abrams and Gungwu 12). Secondly, the war was a burden to the fiduciary situation of the United States and to its allies. Curtis and Payne stated that while the world enjoyed Hussein’s loss, the cost of the war was â€Å"disproportionate† (45). Third justification, the motive of the United States was highly questionable. If the war was rested on the ground of justified reasons, there would be no other reason beyond the goal of global peace. The war was not a matter of â€Å"necessity,† but a â€Å"choice† (Harvey 1); therefore, it has clear motives. To name it explicitly, the oil reserves served as an indication of economic domination. Inasmuch as the pro-war were convinced of the presence of nuclear weapons, anti-war was also sure that the United States, under the cloak of salvaging Iraq from dictatorship, also eyed on the rich oil reserve of the country. Fourthly, the Iraqi people were now freed from one dictator, but the leadership was governed by people with vested interests. U.S. had various allies during the war, and it is highly anticipated that economic benefits of the war are likely

Should a composition course be required for all first-year college Essay

Should a composition course be required for all first-year college students - Essay Example The dons are disposed to safeguard their firm positions disputing that the recruits have "it-hardly-needs-a-commentary" dire necessity of this remedial course. The freshers, in their round, dare challenge their tutors' emphatic conviction demonstrating their willingness to scrap this "baby course for silly bullies" or at least, its status of a core subject. I would personally admire to join the mainstream and to fling away an advantage of taking it up without any misgiving to dumb down. Needless to say, I have my own fool-proof reasons to cast doubt on the efficacy of such a course. Here is a selection of them. Firstly, I feel free to admit that this course is particularly designed for cyber junkies, people who are addicted to using personal computers, especially the Internet. These are the never-ending hours I dawdled away on surfing the net, combing through vast bodies of information in my futile attempt to compose an essay that will meet all the requirements, brought me to the conclusion that English-composition classes spell the perfect recipe for pure and absolute contentment for those who are obsessed with craving the information that is so tantalizingly available in a global network. Thanks God I do not belong to this type of dataholics. I would prefer to pass my evening away with friends or my dear people or reading a book or an instalment of a glossy magazine. Secondly, therefore, I claim that slogging away at packing your essay is close to sweating over packing your suit-case. The point is that recently, having made up my mind to pick up on the advice to "read the works of published writers in a wide range of subjects, paying particular attention to the way in which they use their language to express their meaning" (3), I came across a truly thought-provoking article that shared a few tricky tips how to pack a suit-case. Being a recognized expert in jamming everything possible and impossible into my suit-case, I took a deep interest and followed all the instructions with a remarkable care. Despite my colossal efforts applied, I keep on arriving at the place of the destination with my crumpled clothes and creased T-shirts. I am continually taken aback, however, at my friend's 'preternatural' capability to have his suit-cases always elaborately packed, although he never stuffs his head with 'packing' details exposed at the article like that one. The similar situation is sadly expected to be disclosed and observed during English-composition classes. Those who can boast inner propensity for creative composing, will get the hang of the things easily and soon will be profoundly bored by re-copying somebody's else numerous thumb-nail sketches and 'printing out' the endless stream of top-of-scale creative work of their own. On the contrary, a significant proportion of those who lack special aptitude for writing will be intellectually challenged and stretched, indeed. In their case, practicing writing will be like skating on the thin ice, as they will be running all the chances to reduce their potential to compounding different ideas employing hiss-and-miss method. The students will become more preoccupied not how the message is conveyed but how their ultimate aim of making the "composition' tolerable for the don to read is reached. The teacher will turn

Healthcare situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare situation - Essay Example Even though some Canadian citizens assert that they have never been forced to wait for medical services, protests concerning this resulted in all provincial governments publishing information concerning wait times for particular medical procedures in their area. The scarcity of physicians as well as other health care specialists is another big problem for Canadians. Many doctors from developing nations as well as the United States have been hired in the Canadian health sector to deal with this problem. The Canadian healthcare system provides enough evidence that socialized healthcare is not always the answer for providing every citizen with care options. While socialized healthcare plans provide a nation’s citizens with both private and public options, it is normally true that private options provide their patients with better care options than do public health schemes. The writer provides the examples of several Canadian citizens that have in the past been victims of Canada’s healthcare system even though they previously believed that they were in the nation with the best healthcare system. Suzanne Aucoin,and Dr. Jacques Chaoulli are Canadian citizens that offer different views on the problems of Canada’s healthcare system. Suzanne was a patient in need of immediate treatment. She was to discover, shockingly, that she was not able to access the drug recommended for her due to the fact that the public health insurance policy in Canada did not cover it. In order to get the medicine that would save her, she was forced to spend more in suing the Ontario government so that it would be compelled to cover her even if she ended up obtaining the drug from the United States. Dr. Jacques Chaoulli, on the other hand, is a doctor that ended up suing the Canadian government in court. He finally appealed his case in the Canadian Supreme Court. It is apparent that to control rising costs, health-care

How effective is the United Nations in global governance Essay

How effective is the United Nations in global governance - Essay Example To achieve this goal, this paper has been divided in to nine sections. The paper will be initiated with the background of the UN, its aims and principles. It will be followed by its major involvement in international security and peace projects post cold war, and its failures in Rwanda projects, its silence post 9/11 and other major events. The research has been conducted by referring to many prominent books and reliable websites, journals that offers authentic reports and information regarding UN. About United Nation As Higgins(Higgins, R) mentions in his report ‘Peace and Security, achievements and failures’ that it is impossible to understand or analyze the effective measures of the UN without knowing what initial measures were intended by this organization. What were the challenges that it has faced since decades. After the Second World War, 51 countries were joined together to form an international organization in the year 1945. It was aimed that the formation of th is organization will help maintain a healthy and friendly relationship between nations worldwide, to maintain international peace, security and to promote social progress. It also focused on improving the living standards and human rights too (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). President of United States of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the name UNITED NATION and it was declared on 1st of January 1945, when countries were engaged in World War 2 (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). Before the establishment of United Nation, several attempts were made by many countries to organize special bodies for similar causes.Then formally, on a larger scale the UN organization was established on 24th of October 1945 and each year, this day is celebrated as United Nations day globally (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). IT consists of 192 members and when General Assembly is conducted, the members meet and discuss global issues together (â€Å"Introduction to the United Nations†). As per this document, the aims and principles of United Nations are mentioned below (â€Å"Introduction to the United Nations†). Aims of United Nation 1. To maintain peace among nations globally 2. Encouraging and developing friendly relations among countries 3. To make efforts in improving the quality of education and eradicating illiteracy 4. To stop the destruction of environment, gender equality and diseases 5. To provide help, rights, respect , security and freedom for all nations 6. To provide aid and support to developing nations to achieve their respective goals Principles of United Nations 1. All the member states should acquire the sovereign equality 2. The charter (fundamental treaty of the UN) must be followed and obeyed by every member states 3. Any differences between nations should be solved in a peaceful manner 4. Every country should avoid using force and must not threaten other nations in using the force 5. Every country should make efforts in assisting United Nations T he Main Organs of United Nations According to the official website of United Nations, there are five main organs of this organization (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). They are- 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security council 3. The Economic and social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. Secretariat and 6. International Court of Justice Fig 1.2- A diagram will project a clear understanding of the main organs of UN (â€Å"

The Elements of Persuasion Essay Example for Free

The Elements of Persuasion Essay Persuasion cannot be complete without the three main forms of rhetoric (the ethos, logos, and pathos), the basic purpose of the writer or speaker, the approach to the audience, as well as the style of delivery. The word ‘rhetoric’ pertains to â€Å"the art of speaking or writing effectively† (Carl D. Perkins Foundation 2005), and this is fixed in Barack Obama’s 2004 Democratic National Convention Address that was delivered at the Fleet Center of Boston, Massachusetts. With a context centered on Americans hearing the true political mission of the 2004 Democratic Party, the speech’s basic purpose was set mainly on three things: (1) delivering the basic mission and principle of the Democratic Party; (2) persuading voters toward the line of the Democratic Party; and (3) expanding the positive side of Obama and his party for political purposes. He magnificently used the elements of persuasion and influenced millions of American voters by operating the schemes of successful persuasion. Main Body With the speech entitled as ‘The Audacity of Hope’, Obama talks about big dreams and diversity in America through his family background, then about the greatness of America, the beliefs and values of John Kerry, what should be done, the unity of the country, and, lastly, the audacity of hope. In the overall, Obama’s speech can be divided into the following: (1) the greatness of his family line; (2) the greatness of the Americans; (3) the greatness of John Kerry; and (4) unity and hope. He starts with his self, then connects to his family, then to the other Americans, then points to John Kerry for hope and unity. It was organized that way because it points to the literal meaning of ‘unity’ and ‘connection’ that are among his basic themes. It is centered on the argument that, despite war, despair, shattered dreams, and social and economic hardships, there is still the existence of hope, care, and unity, which are what â€Å"makes this country work. It is what allows us to pursue our individual dreams and yet still come together as one American family† (Obama 4). His argument is actually very significant because 21st century has unfolded with national catastrophe, such as wars, economic problems, deficiency of the government’s capacity in truly supporting the needs of the American people†¦ to name only a few. Pertaining to incidents that connect to present occurrences relate to audiences and energize them that, amidst the negativity, there are still much more left that can be the source of American hope and dignity. This talk centered on hope is what Obama could have perceived to be the basic thing Americans would want to hear about. They want to hear why they should trust the Democratic Party, why they should honor the Democratic Party, why they should vote for the Democratic Party. The National Convention Address reflects an audience that need to hear what they most aspire for in their lives. For this reason, Obama used ‘ethos’ that would emotionally touch the hearts of the audience. He established it by, first, trying to convince people that he is no different from the lowly ones and the colored ones (i. e. , his character, sentiments); and, second, by trying to convince people that what he dreams of is no different from what other Americans dream of (i. . , hope, unity, success). This makes the audience feel emotionally attached to the speaker, since what he conveys are things that are personally felt and experienced by the common people in America. As an effect, they are able to relate well to the message that Obama has had for them. As for his logical appeals, Obama made some key points, such as the following: Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our Nation—not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise†¦ that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (Obama 2) This logic appeals to diversity and equality of all men (most precisely the Americans). It points to the right to achieve a sustainable life, as well as happiness and liberty. Another logic is centered on the following lines: â€Å"It is that fundamental belief: I am my brother’s keeper. I am my sister’s keeper that makes this country work. It’s what allows us to pursue our individual dreams and yet still come together as one American family† (Obama 4). This logic conversely appeals to the significance of unity, brotherhood, and how they relate to success and achievement. The two statements appeal to the audience basically because it reminds them that the nation is merely one, and that the greatness of America sprouts from the fact that each one asserts to his brother’s dignity, protection, and custody. Conclusion Rhetorical persuasion refers to delivering a message effectively in order to persuade the audience into acting out a certain decree, deed, or pursuit that would primarily benefit the speaker or writer and, for most of the time, the audience, too, or the reader. Obama’s speech turned out to be really effective to his primary audience basically because the elements of persuasion are arranged in a manner that is apt to its context, its purpose, and its audience. The topics are clear and simple yet captivating, as it captures the heart and soul of those who hear it. Thus, it is evident that writing a persuasive rhetoric does not end up with what the speaker or writer would want to say; it also have something to do with what the audience or readers would want to hear given a specific state of environment. To connect to people, there has to be certain key points or ideas that mentally connect the speaker to the audience through the use of logic, emotion, style, and approach. Thus, the basic purposes are fantastically met.

Introduction To Industrialised Building System Construction Essay

Introduction To Industrialised Building System Construction Essay In this chapter, the detail of explanation and relevant literature review of Industrialised Building System in Malaysia high rise project will be presented. Generally, the contents of this chapter are covered by definitions, classification, essential characteristic, critical success factors and barriers of the IBS implementation of the high rise buildings in our local construction industry. The IBS is not a common term in Malaysia Construction industry now. Until now, it still has no one common accepted or agreed definition of IBS by any researchers. However, there are few researchers define the IBS on the characteristics and definition with different way. IBS is often referred to as off-site construction of the literature (Pan et al. 2008), remote (Blismas, 2006) the production, industrialization and automation of construction (Warszawski 1999), the off-site manufacturing, prefabricated buildings, pre-assemblies building (Gibb Isack, 2003), the prefabricated building, prefabricated building, non-traditional architecture and modern method of construction (MMC) said by Kamar, 2009. The following is the definition of the IBS from different authors: Warszawski (1999) described the process of industrialization, investment in equipment, facilities and technology to maximize production, reduce labour resources, and improve the quality. These elements are interconnected and joint together to make or improve performances of the building. Rahman and Omar (2006) said that the IBS as a construction system by using prefabricated building systems. The manufacturing of the components are done with machines, templates, and other forms of machinery and equipment. Components manufactured off-site, once completed, will be delivered to the General Assembly and erection of the construction site. IBS is defined as an integrated manufacturing and construction process, carefully planned organization, and efficient management, preparation and control of resources, activities and results from the highly developed components (Lessing, et al., 2005). The most comprehensive definition of IBS was perhaps clarified by Junid (1986). He said that in the process of industrialization in the construction industry, including IBS, building component, vision, planning, fabrication, transportation and site erection. The system includes a combination of software and hardware components of the balance between. Software includes system design; this is a complex process, learning the end-user requirements, market analysis, development of standardized components, manufacturing and assembly layout and process of the establishment, allocation of resources and material, a definition of the concept of architect framework. The software element provides a prerequisite for creating an enabling environment for industrialization and expansion. Chung Kadir (2007) defined as a large-scale production of building components IBS both in the factory or on-site according to standard shapes and sizes and transportation to the construction site, re-arrange some standard form construction and specifications Construction Industry Development Board (2003) defined as a construction method in which components are produced in a controlled environment (or off) IBS, transportation, location and assembled into a minimal additional site works with the structure. The definition of Industrial building systems (IBS) is varies. It depends on the authors position and philosophy in the ontology and epistemology. Some authors may be defined as a process or technology IBS. Table 2.1 is to highlight the definition of IBS category. On the other hand, there is an ontological position, either as a method, idea, product, innovation, improvement, modernization and new methods of provision. This problem has been discussed in the construction industry, since the industrial revolution, to change the human way of life and economic activity. Since the concept of quality improvement and in industry, invention and innovation, has become an important industry to deal with. This production and services, as the construction industry continues to progress and development, the latest and modern instrument factors. Then, every industry stakeholder can define with themselves on their practices and methods. Table 2.2 shows, only the author describes the process of defin ing a list of IBS and technology. Table 2.1: The Ontology of Building system (Sources: Adopted from Abdullah, 2009) Authors Characteristics Factory Base(Off-site) Production Techniques Mass Production Site Erection and Preassemblies Modular Component Elements Standardisation Labour Reduction Modem Method Automation Manufacturing Parid, W., 1997 X Trikha, D.N., 1999 X X X X Gibb, A,. 1999 X X X Warszawski, 1999 X X X X Ingemar, L. and Gylltoft.K 2000 X X X Kadir, M.R.A., et al., 2005 X X X X Marsono, A.K. et al,. 2006 X X X Table 2.2: The Characteristics of Building system (Sources: Adopted from Abdullah, 2009) Bil Authors Process Techniques 1 Dietz (1971) X 2 Dickerman (1973) X 3 Junid (1986) X 4 Parid (1997) X 5 Esa Nurrudin (1998) X 6 Badir Razali (1998) X 7 Trikha (1999) X 8 Warszawski (1999) X 9 CIDB Malaysia (1999) X 10 CIDB Malaysia (2003) X 11 Lessing (2005) X 12 Marsono. (2006) X 13 Rahman Omar (2006) X 14 MD Rahim (2006) X 15 Chung L.P. (2006) X 16 Henry M.A. (2006) X 17 (CIB) TG57 X 18 (CIB W24) X 2.2 Classification of IBS MMC is a long-term off-site infrastructure as technology and technological innovation of the collective description of the scene. The latter includes techniques such as thin-joint block work and tunnel in the form of construction (Goodier and Gibb, 2006). MMC also includes the floor or roof cassettes, pre-cast concrete foundation components, pre-formed wiring looms, mechanical engineering composite materials and modern construction methods. They can also include such as a tunnel or in combination with thin pieces of work (NAO, 2005; Gibb and Pendlebury, 2006) innovation (which is the essential characteristic). As the above quote, IBS is a component in which manufacturing, positioning and assembled into a structure with minimal extra site works off and on-site (CIDB, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹2003; Chung, 2006). Although outside the technology will be discussed below, on-site prefabricated IBS can be used in place of steel formwork system (CIDB, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ †¹2003) in the form. Production and construction site prior to installation, they found a remote location off-site construction of the assembly or part of the description of the spectrum. All off-site may be a general decline in IBS and MMC title, not all of the IBS and MMC can be considered as off-site (Gibb and Pendleton, 2006). Off-site construction (OSC), off-site manufacturing (OSM) and off-site production (OSP) is basically interchangeable terms refers to the construction process, to carry out the construction site, such as in factories, away from the part of or sometimes in a specially established near the construction site (or field factories) (Goodier and Gibb, 2006) of temporary production facilities. Pre-fabrication is usually in a dedicated facility where a variety of materials joined to form the final part of the installation components (Tatum et al, 1986). While, the components maybe assemble on and offsite, Pre-assembly carried on a definition as in which a variety of materials, prefabricated components and equipment to join up as a sub-unit of the installation process in a remote location. It is generally concentrated in the system (ibid). Therefore, a general classification of IBS-MMC term is promoted in this paper based on the following hypothesis compiled by the previous researchers. Figure 2.1 below is show that a generic classification of IBS in MMC. Modern Method of Construction (MMC) Industrialised Building System Non Industrialised System Off-site Manufacturing (OSM), Prefabrication, Offsite Fabrication (OSF), Offsite Production (OSP) On-Site Fabrication Pre-assembly at Factory Assembly on site Figure 2.1: A generic classification of IBS in MMC (Sources: adopted from Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, 2009) As defined, IBS-MMC has a various classifications, materials, processes and systems basis. Table 2.3 describes the classification of IBS, system construction, MMC and OSMs. It compares the different views and classification terms. Table 2.3: Comparison of IBS-MMC Classification (Sources: Adopted from Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, 2009) Industrialised system classification (Badir et. Al 1998) Majzub (1977) system classification MMC classification (Gibb Pendlebury, 2006). Ross and Richards on (2005) and (NOA, 2005) Gibb Issac (2003) pre-assembly and pre-fabrication classification Abosad et. Al (2009) classification on OSM IBS Classification (CIDB, 2003) -Conventional building system -Cast in situ formwork system table or tunnel formwork -Prefabricated system -Composite system -Panel System -Box System -Frame System -Volumetric -Panelised -Hybrid -Subassemblies and components -Non-off-sites-Modem Methods of Construction -Component manufacture and sub-assembly -Non-volumetric sub-assembly -Volumetric pre-assembly -Modular Housing -Volumetric System -Panelised System -Hybrid System -Sub-assemblies and component system -Modular system -Pre-cast concrete-framed building -Pre-cast concrete wall system -Reinforced concrete Building with Pre-cast concrete slab -Steel Formwork System -Steel-framed building and Roof Trusses Majzub (1977) described the construction of classification should be based on the proposed use of components in Table 2.4 the relative weights. Weight factors have a significant impact on the portability of components, but also on the production of components and field methods of installation method. By weight category, there are components used in the production of basic material itself to determine the characteristics of the system being studied to distinguish between the advantages. However, Majzub classification is found to have inadequate construction of the recently incorporated into other systems to flourish. One striking example is the interlocking load-bearing blocks; this is a group of researchers at the University Putra Malaysia brainchild. This new system construction cannot be according to the framework, panels, and even box system. On the other hand, complex system that combines two or more of the construction methods cannot be classified under the classification of Maj zub. Therefore, the classification needs to be updated to imitate current technological progress. Table 2.4: Building system classification according to relative weight of component (Source: Adopted from Majzub, 1977) No General System System Production Material 1 Frame system Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame, and composite materials Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up- produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (module) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete C:UsersAndyNGAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).png Figure 2.2 Type of Building System in Malaysia (Source: Adopted from Thanoon et al, 2003) In general, there are currently four types of building systems in Malaysia, Razali building system classification according to Badir et al. 1998, there are traditional, cast in situ, precast composite building system is shown in Figure 2.2. Each building system is on behalf of their construction method, which is further through its construction technology, features and geometry features. It is reported that there are at least 22 companies in Malaysia to provide institution building (Badir et al, 2002). From the point of  structural classification,  IBS  can be categorized  into five  major  groups, which are: prefabricated  timber  frame system Components  under  this group are  the columns, beams, floor slabs, prefabricated  roof  truss  system and similar as  made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from wood. Formwork system Mould for  concrete  component  moulds to  cast  there  as pillars, beams,  floor slabs  and wall panels  that can be used  repeatedly. These  moulds  are usually made  of plastic, fibreglass,  steel, aluminium  and  other  metal materials. Steel frame system Components  of this category are column, beam, portal frame and  roof  truss systems are made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of  steel. framing systems,  panel  and pre-cast  concrete  box Components  of this category are column, beam, portal frame and  pre-cast wall panels. It also including in three-dimensional pre-fabricated  components  such as  stairs, balusters  and toilets. System block This system refers to the use of concrete block (precision block works), including lightweight concrete blocks; the blocks are locked (interlocking block) and so on. It is hoping that IBS classification can be standardized in order for IBS-MMC to be acknowledged by practitioners as a primer construction method. 2.3 Essential Characteristics of IBS This is a reasonable review of the conditions, they emphasized that the successful implementation of industrialized building systems. Each of them briefly discussed below. 2.3.1 Modular Coordination Modular coordination or MC is a dimensional system. Coordination of a modular space size  harmonized system, parts,  accessories, etc.,  so that all  elements  fit  not to cut  or extend the  components and  accessories,  even  from different vendors (Trikha, 1999) made together. It is a concept of dimension and space, including construction and components on the basis of their name is called 1M, equal to 100 mm in the basic module units or coordination. The use of MC in IBS is effective application of the important factors, because it completed the industry through quality control and productivity answered by a staff of CIDB. The objectives of the modular coordination are: Create a variety of types and sizes of building components, can minimize foundation. Through the rationalization of the construction method, each component of the design and other similar exchange, therefore, designers freedom and choice provides the greatest degree. This can take a relatively large basic unit of measurement (basic module) and by limiting the dimensions of building components to recommended preferred sizes said by Warszawski (1999). Allow easy by any prefabricated buildings layout and exchange capacity. This is to achieve a common, rather than references to other components (Warszawski 1999) definition of modular grid construction and placement of each component. To reduce waste in the production of the installation process, by increasing productivity, to improve the quality of the construction industry and to encourage an open system. With open systems approach, building components can be combined in a variety of individual projects, while ensuring that their design architects of freedom. Modular building component of the length of the coordinated application of the basic units or M = 100cm module. This allows designers to apply this size or in the production of building components, its multiple. While the concept seems easy to pass, its application in the manufacturing process involves a large degree of harmonization and alignment and component interfaces (Kamar et al. 2009). 2.3.2 Closed system A closed system can be divided into two categories, namely design and production according to customer design and production based on pre-casters. The first category is designed to meet customer space requirements, that is, the specific building design and construction of various features of the space required. In this case, the customer needs is critical, pre-caster always forced to a specific part of the building. On the other hand, the fabrication on the basis of pre-casters design, including design and production of a single building type or alternative of a group of buildings, can generate common component assortments of. Such building includes school, parking garage, gas station, low cost housing, etc. Nevertheless these types of building arrangement can be justified economically only when the following circumstances are observed (Warszawski, 1999): Commitment because of specific design and project large enough to allow for the additional cost of each component in design and production costs of distribution. Openerved a large number of architectural design elements of repetition and standardization. In this regard, a new kind of prefabricated systems can automated the design and production process to overcome a number of standardized elements of the requirements. There is sufficient demand, is a typical types such as school construction, so that mass production can be. There is a pre-caster intensive marketing strategy to inspire customers and designers in the economic and non-economic aspects of long-term potential benefits of the system. 2.3.3 Open system In closed system the limitations inherent to an open system, which allows greater design flexibility to maximize coordination with designers and pre-caster have been proposed. The system is feasible, because it allows pre-caster products in a predetermined range and architectural aesthetic value while maintaining a limited number of elements. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar (2009) defined that open system concept is encouraged by the irritable bowel syndrome, to ensure that the architects in their design freedom. Open systems approach building components, a variety of individual projects can be combined in different products and technologies as part of interchange ability. A partition between the structure and the filling system may give different solutions, customized and pre-level standards. Separation according to building components, could lead to new forms of organization of production, use of standardized elements. Open System was first promoted during the rebuilding years of post-war Netherlands. Size, location and components of the interface rules of the open system is an important part. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar (2009) defined open system with the following characteristics: Open system is an innovative design and construction. It allows interchange ability of various components and subsystems manufacturers and suppliers. An open architecture components together the advantages of market needs, a variety of geometric and functional building types. It will encourage participation in manufacturing and assembly to enter the market, thereby reducing the price of IBS components. It advocates a modular concept and the separation of different levels of decision-making. Use standard welding system to resolve two or more systems in a building. It allows customers to participate in the design. Customers can choose to use the components provided by the developer of any building components directory. Open system will encourage pre-assembled by a higher level of industrialization and automation. 2.3.4 Standardisation and Tolerances To achieve the requirements of modular coordination, all components need to be standardized production. This standardization of the elements of space and the need to provide at various stages of construction, such as manufacturing tolerances, the tolerances and erection tolerances, so that combined statistical considerations on acquired tolerance to the extent permitted (Trikha, 1999). If the output is standardised, then the production resources can be used in most efficient manner. Then the production process, machinery and training of workers, can best absorb the specific characteristics of the product. 2.3.5 Specialisation Large precast production and standardization of production process, the height of the division of labour. This process can be subdivided into a lot of small standardized tasks. In such working conditions, workers exposures to their work repetitiously have a high level of productivity (Warszawski, 1999). 2.3.6 Production facility The initial capital investment to establish a permanent factor is the relative experience. Plant, equipment, skilled workers, management of resources needed to produce pre-acquisition can begin. Such a huge investment can only break even, if there is sufficient demand for the product. On the other hand, the establishment of a temporary casting yard or plant in the project site to minimize transportation costs (Peng, 1986). 2.3.7 Transportation It is found that the casting slab system can reduce the cost of labour up to 30%. However, these cost savings partially offset by transportation costs. Traffic has also been a large board in the countrys road sector requirements. When adopting prefabrication system, those limitations must be taken into consideration (Peng, 1986). 2.4 Barriers of implementation of IBS in Malaysia Clearly, the benefits offered by IBS are immense and plausible. It has been six years since the launching of the IBS Roadmap 2003 and is about the end of the mission of industrialising construction. The construction industrys stakeholders are little bit sceptical on using IBS product. It is pertinent to examine the progress and how close to the completion of the mission to date. More importantly, it is imperative to evaluate whether the implementation of the roadmap has met the market response to the IBS programme so far. Most policy issues have been resolved and implemented, while all relevant documents required to support the programme have been developed. In particular activities under the charge of CIDB are all meeting their datelines. Notwithstanding these achievements a number of implementation snags were identified as being potential hurdles to the implementation of the roadmap. Warszawski (1999) pointed out some of the barriers in implementing industrialisation in construction industry. There are decline in demand and volatile of building market make an investment in IBS more risky compared to conventional labour intensive method. Prefabrication elements are considered inflexible with respect to changes with may required over its life span. At university level student are less exposed to technology, organization and design of industrialised building system. An adaptation of standardization requires a tremendous education and training effort. Standardization of building elements face resistance from construction industry due to aesthetics reservation and economic reasons (Kampempool et al, 1986). Trikha (1999) cited the hindrance to the use of IBS due to lack of assessment criteria set by the approving authorities to urge the developers to use IBS. Poor response from the construction players to modular coordination despite heavy promotions and incentives from the government is also a hindrance to the successive implementation of IBS in Malaysia. As a result, partial introduction of IBS such as lintels and staircase has not been successful compare to the traditional cast in situ design. Kamar et al. (2009) said that a clear need for the construction industry in Malaysia IBS is a huge and credible strongly encourage the government and the system implementation plan. In fact, most of the contractors are not prepared to bid for IBS construction tender. Thanoon et. al. (2003) also highlighted cheap labour cost is the main barriers to the expedition of IBS. There are wide swing in house demands, whereas mainly caused by the high interest rate and low performance in economical factor. He also pointed out lack of skilled construction workforce which severe the situation. The nature characteristics of construction project which are fragmented, diverse and involve many parties. There lack of local RD and novel building system that use local material, which makes IBS often relies to imported technology from other countries. There are also insufficient incentive and promotion from the government to use IBS. The main reasons for the low adoption of IBS in Malaysia as stated in Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP 2006-2015) are lack of integration in design stage and poor knowledge. IBS manufacturers are currently involved only after design stage. This lack of integration among relevant players in design stage has resultant in need for plan redesign and additional cost to be incurred if IBS is adopted. Client and approving authorities have poor knowledge of IBS compared to architects and engineers. Familiarity with IBS concept and its benefits is vital to its success because IBS requires different approach in construction. Despite this advances, some of the barriers were identified as potential barriers are being implemented: 2.4.1 Awareness and Knowledge According to the IBS Roadmap Review Report (2007), in Malaysia IBS is through a client-driven. Benefit of IBS has a good knowledge and awareness of the customer is bound to encourage the appointment of architect to design building to the IBS. However, the lack of awareness programs, to understand customer needs, and give correct information on IBS lack of interest from clients and policymakers (Rahman and Omar, 2006). Therefore, IBS is often misunderstood as high-risk process, rather than any interests of the owner of the building to contribute the lack of knowledge between the designer project lead to take the extra time delay to produce the details of the drawing. Client IBS roadmap (2007) based on client review, by Malaysia IBS is no longer such as customer-oriented Jusco, Tesco and other customers have insisted fast track construction. In housing development, with good knowledge and awareness of IBS clients will thus benefit from the appointment of designers to encourage the construction of IBS. However, the lack of awareness programs, leading to misunderstanding led to a lack of interest from clients and decision makers (Rahman and Omar, 2006). IBS is from the clients point of view, unless it is necessary to fast track projects, such as Tesco, Jusco projects, often misinterpreted as high-risk and expensive solutions. Local Authority Lack of knowledge among the approving authority, IBS, and the relationship between the current building codes misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Familiar with IBS will speed up the design approval, to ensure the success of IBS projects (construction of the master plan, 2007) is essential. But most of local authorities do not know the design of IBS often need more time than usual to deal with design approval. Policy Makers Chung and Kadir (2007) observed that most local authorities in Malaysia is unlikely to change local building regulations, to meet the adjustment, will consume a lot of time and cost of IBS. IBSs mid-term review (2007) stated that through a unified architecture from low amendment (MC) of modular coordination of law enforcement (UBBL) has not been implemented due to lack of knowledge and decision-makers between the concept of understanding. Workers Government hopes the IBS will help reduce dependence on foreign workers, 30% by 2015. But most people in the industry do not think IBS will greatly decrease the number of workers in the industry. IBS is a plant from the job site environment, environmental issues, said: A senior industry source said. 2.4.2 Planning and Implementation At presents, the pre-casters and contracting companies in Malaysia involved in the construction bidding phase the value chain. However, the observation of the design of IBS, and plans need to be addressed in the form at the design stage, to be successful through the slot before casting machine, designers and contractors (IBS roadmap review, 2007) integration. As a result, many projects in Malaysia IBS are not cost-effective, because it is intended to replace the traditional methods of design. IBS application has been included in the design stage. Changes in design, requires a lot of further adjustment, the rise of the initial time and cost. In addition, IBS demands a more coherent process, from initial planning and control structure, the end of the project, in order to achieve the target, and decrease defects and errors (Gibb, 2001 and Warszawski 1999). The overall project should be considered in such way that as soon as the components are manufactured, it is probable to bring it to the construction site and assemble it. Any delay, either in workshop or construction site has been phased requirements and production plans, from the part of several construction projects, as scheduled at the same time a serious impact on production. Although you can create any type of pre-architectural design, but if the possibility of production and construction, taking into account at the design stage itself can solve several problems related to manufacturing, transportation, and assembly of complex interfaces (Pan et al. 2008 and Hamid et al. 2008). The most common problems usually involve beams, columns and column bases in connection with the improper assembly of the components. These problems arise due to the fact that the parties involved in the construction of a main underestimating the accuracy of the base line and levelling. Basically, the precise formation and alignment of the two bases is the most important aspects of the rapid success of precast concrete erection (Rahman and Omar, 2006). 2.4.3 Costs Kamar et al. (2009) mentioned that many small contractors are unwilling to use the IBS system, and want to continue using traditional construction methods. This is due to the fact that small contractors are already common with the technology and suitable for small scale projects, so do not want to switch t

The Role of Career Planning and Development

The Role of Career Planning and Development This report deals with the importance of career planning and development, and why it has attracted so much attention in the contemporary workplace. Also it will address the advantages of career planning and development and look at how an effective career planning and development strategy can be brought about and what factors should be included in such an action plan.Contents INTRODUCTION The times, they are changing Bob Dylan The Changing face of the world and Business From time to time human civilization faced major life-style changes due to either disasters or developments. Starting from the period of Renaissance (from 14th to 17th century) till now, human society boasts of continuous social and technological development that had resulted in tremendous alterations of life-style, and perceptions. The pace of change that started during the renaissance had continued till now causing the mammoth boom which we now call the 21st century or the days of the computer. In this new world, the concept of the Business Organization holds the most prominent place. All life can be said revolves around it. The concept of the Corporation has today arisen to the prominent social institution equaling its impact upon the people just as the religious institution. The belief system of society is constantly being amended to suit the interests of the organization. How ethical it is to bestow such power to the business organizations over people remains a hot topic of debate. The current global atmosphere has ironically made life easier as well as difficult. Although new products have reduced the level of physical labor, it has besides amplified the levels of emotional labor hence, the current rampant complain of stress and depression throughout the world. In a society where the corporation is prominent it is inescapable to avoid it. Today man might be able to avoid the religious institution, but not the corporation. The enterprise is seen as a hot spot of talent based action which offers opportunities to employees to walk along the career ladder and get into the top of it and achieve career goals and plans. Thus, the trend now is to focus all energies to achieve career goals. This ultimately results in people spending more time in the organization rather than at home. A good portion of the waking hours of mankind is now spent in the organization. Enter Career Planning With such a complex world picture hanging in the background it is crucial to understand the importance of Career Planning and Development. As mentioned earlier, the demand for work has gone beyond the nine-to-five framework. If employees are to survive and protect their jobs, constant career planning and development is vital. Today high-performance may not guarantee job security and employees especially in large organizations face enormous challenges. Now, life long careers are a thing of the past. Some naÃÆ'Â ¯ve employees still feel that they are immune to ongoing reductions because theyre doing good work and adding value to the organization (Stone, 2008). This nature of shifting jobs across companies, functions and industries is called Boundary-less Careers. The vulnerability to career stagnation is what makes career planning so much important for todays employees. It is necessary for promotions, but most importantly for survival. Hence, it cannot be ignored by any right-thinki ng employee. The future seems no longer guaranteed for even high-performing employees according to management guru Charles Handy (cited in Stone, 2008, p. 390). This is due to todays ever-changing work environment. Organizations, as large and monolithic as they may seem also tends to be more flexible and fast paced. In such a scenario, adoptability will come in handy. Therefore the need for intelligent career planning and development cannot be overstated. This will in turn help the employee as well as the organization itself. The employee of the modern era The frontiers of management thinking have placed the modern day employee as both the master as well as the slave. There seems to be a thin line between the choices of survival and death in the workplace. This fine line comprises of bundles of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. But these competencies only will not suffice for survival unless they are methodically planned and carried out by both the employee and employer. This methodical plan or survival-kit is what career planning is. The employee of the modern era will have to be multi-skilled, but should NOT take it for grant. He or she should be ready to switch industries, companies, or functions. As Dual Careers become widespread the family circle tends to become smaller and smaller. The current employee is demanded for more and more working time and he or she has to inevitably put work above family resulting in work-family conflict. According to Coyle (cited in Stone, 2008, p. 405), families are a problem for companies. These are just some of the challenges the modern day employee will have to face in a rapidly changing business-socio-political environment. Therefore, a sound understanding of the need to plan their career ahead and stick to it (being flexible when necessary and adopting accordingly) is so vital. The thoroughness of planning the career will only promise future security in todays organizations. In the middle of downsizing and mergers acquisitions, the modern employee will be squeezed in to protect his or her job. This report will focus on the importance of career planning and development and analyze the reasons on why it has received so much attention in the contemporary workplace as well as the advantage of developing effective career plans for both employees and organizations. PART 1 Career Planning Development Definitions; importance; causes; advantages; the role of Human resource Management Career Planning Development An overrated idea? From time to time as mentioned in the introduction, when human society faces massive changes in life-style, inevitably new social discourses tend to surface. Social discourses such as, Global Warming Globalization and Nuclear experiments are a few recently sprung up ones to name. But since recently a new social discourse has begun to spring up concerning the workplace and employees. It is Career Planning Development. This new social talk began to emerge as a result of the continuous complexity business is shaping into, making it hard for many employees to cope up with the pace of change. Hence, the subject of career planning and development has received wide attention in both theory and practice of management. This is not an overrated idea since it is quite visible in front of the eyes that employee turnover is rapidly rising, job switching is increasing, and part-time jobs are becoming more sought after. Employee turnover is much more costly than you might think. In fact, research shows that up to 80% of turnover costs are hidden. Because of these virtually invisible costs, most managers usually do not track turnover or are not alarmed by high turnover rates (Farrell, 2010). An increased turnover rate ultimately suggests that employees do not remain in one organization for a long period. This may be principally because most organizations as well as employees do not engage in methodical career planning. Employees who would think that this is an overrated idea, and thus fail to plan the career ahead will ultimately suffer from Career Plateaus or become victims of downsizing, acquisitions, and other forms of corporate action. Therefore, it is very important to plan ones career ahead. Let us begin with what career planning development is by examining two of its definitions and then its scope. What Career Planning Development is Definition In HRM theory, it is defined as follows Giving employees assistance to develop realistic career goals and the opportunities to realize them (Stone, 2008) It will be beneficial if we also look at other definitions of the key terms. The Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management defines these key terms as follows Career Planning: the examination of the way in which career opportunities are available, leading to advice on which careers to pursue or how to further an employees existing career Career Development: planning of an employees future career in an organization If at all possible, career planning should be viewed as two fold. Career Planning Development The Employee (Planning) The Organization (Development) As shown in both the above definitions, there are two inherent parts to the phrase Career Planning and Development. This twofold definition entails the two parties that involve in the practice of career planning development. In a nutshell, planning concerns the employee, and development concerns the organization. For the successful completion of a career planning action, therefore, both the parties are responsible. Career Planning which concerns the Employee As mentioned above career planning is of utmost importance to the employee given the current nature of global business. Engaging in career planning gives the person a deep understanding on what his or her life and work goals are and what has to be done in order to achieve them. Todays corporate employee cannot afford to just float around within the organization doing a mundanely satisfactory job. The well-defined career ladders are a thing of the past. Why is it necessary to plan ones career ahead? Chiefly, the reason is because skills become obsolete. The skill that was required two years ago may not necessarily be of need in the present. Most of the times, technology and new structures replace positions and employees. This results in skills obsolescence. Thus, the necessity for employees to build skills is stressed. Also, even though one might be a highly effective and high potential employee it doesnt guarantee one total job security (Dessler, 2005). This leaves the employee in an unstable state of affairs, finally resulting in dissatisfaction and corporate deviance. Even high potential employees need to be trained and given a right direction to pursue; a direction that promises future fulfillment and opportunities. In building skills as a part of career planning, a logical question would be What skills am I to develop? This question will be answered during the process of planning. It is the responsibility of the organization to create opportunities to match employee goals and to clearly point out what skills will be promising in an ever-changing job market. Some other questions an employee may have to ask oneself as part of career planning: What is important to me? How ready am I to work hard? Do I want to remain in this industry? How marketable will my skills be in five years time? Where do I want to go? What do I need to get there? From: Managing Human Resources, by Raymond J. Stone Career Development which concerns the Organization Just as it is important to individual employees, career development is of increasing importance to the organization as well. Chiefly, as mentioned above (Farrell, 2010) there is a great amount of cost that organizations accrue due to employee turnover. Career development concerns the organization in many other ways too. This, which is centered on training employees will increase skills, and thereby make possible their goals are achieved. Along with the training the organization should create opportunities aligning the new skills of the employees. Fisher, Schoenfeldt, and Shaw (2006) say, Training can help an organization succeed in a number of ways. Ultimately, it is employee knowledge that produces the organizations product or service. An organization that can produce more qualified employees in less time will have a competitive advantage. Although the above statement emphasizes more on training, training is a part of career development which is designed to align skills with career opportunities. Therefore, as mentioned above, we can discern that career development will ultimately result in skills aligning with jobs, thus, giving the organization a competitive advantage. Snell, Bohlander (2007) states, research shows that an organizations revenues and overall profitability are positively correlated to the amount of training it gives its employees. Also, as a byproduct, an increased level of motivation will enable employees to be more productive (effectiveness efficiency). The Strategic need for career development Linking employers strategy with the needs of the employee is the key aspect of career planning and development. Strategically an organization should decide on what positions are required to achieve organizational goals. Once the positions are filled, necessary arrangements should be made to offer opportunities for career development. Dessler (2008) says, employment planning should flow from the firms strategic plans. The process of deciding what positions to fill and how to fill them is what development is all about. And when doing so, what new career opportunities are to be offered and the methods of achieving them has to be clearly communicated to every employee (EEO). Forecasting personnel needs, as a part of career development can be done through trend-analysis and ratio-analysis (Dessler, 2008). The study of the firms past employment needs and by using ratios between two variables (such as sales volume and the number of staff to achieve that) can help decide properly the extent to which the firm has to develop careers; to what extent employees may reach their desired goals. Finally, career development as a concern for the organization must be strategically aligned since employee planning should necessarily be within the parameters of organizational direction. Now, let us look at some general advantages that Career Planning and Development offers both the employee and the organization. Table: Advantages of Career Planning and development For the Employee For the Organization Gives a sense of purpose and hope about the future Reduces employee turnover and recruitment costs Gives opportunities to prosper Employee retention Increases level of skill Enable internal promotions Job security Increase organizational commitment Increases employability Competitive advantage As the above table identifies, there are many benefits of career planning development that aims at both the employee and the organization. Although at first the firm may perceive hardships (financially and otherwise) on career development, eventually the efforts will prove to be fruitful. The Role of Human Resources when it comes to Career Planning The function of HRM when it comes to career planning and development has the enormous task or burden of activating the process. Clearly it is a function of the HRM department to involve in realizing the career planning and development process. In doing so, the HR department aligns its own objectives to the process as well as the entire objectives of the organization. Combining Ulrichs Model of HRM roles to Career Planning and Development The model which was presented by Ulrich suggested four key roles of the HR manager. These four roles can be incorporated with career planning and development. It is as follows: Strategic Partner: by involving in career planning and development the HR manager fulfills the responsibility of strategic partner by aligning company objectives with employee goals and thereby creating an environment in which employees can develop and rise within the organization. This strategic move will enable the firm to fulfill its requirement of a talented pool of workforce. This will eventually contribute to the long-term objectives of the firm. This will fulfill the role as strategic partner. Administrative Expert: the long-term efficiency which will be instilled within the organization due to successful career planning and development will eventually play the role of Administrative Expert. As an administrative expert, HR will create value by placing right people at the right place. The value HR generates by developing jobs will be indispensible for the entire organization. Employee Champion: this is the role which requires the HR manager to be the employees voice in management decisions. The HR manager must be able to relate to and meet the needs of employees (Stone, 2008). What career planning and development does is EXACTLY relating to employees needs. The HR manager goes a step further and relates to the needs of the organization as well, aligning them both together to effect major change. HR also makes an effort to make champions out of employees, and thereby strengthening organizational commitment. Change Agent: the catalyst for change is brought about by the HR manager when he or she affects a whole plan of change within the organization which is career planning and development. Thereby proves, that HRM is a more AFFECTIVE function within the organization that can affect positive change benefitting the long-term objectives. The above description showed how Career Planning Development can be seen in the light of Ulrichs model of 4 Roles for HR managers. To put in a nutshell, Career Planning and Development is one of the major activities of the HR department of an organization. The first part of this essay dealt with the importance of career planning and development, and why it has attracted so much attention in the contemporary workplace. Also the advantages of career planning and development was said to concern both the employee and the organization. Now, we shall look at how an effective career planning and development strategy can be brought about and what factors should be included in such an action plan. Following are my suggestions. PART II Building a Successful Career Planning Development Strategy In building and implementing a successful Career Planning and Development Strategy, an organization may have to ponder over the importance of such a plan as mentioned earlier. It will benefit the organization in many ways as previously stated (Snell, Bohlander, 2007) correlating with revenue and profitability. Heading to the future Company Goals Employee Needs This simple diagram distills everything that was described earlier. It shows that in order to implement a successful development plan, the objectives of the two involved parties must be aligned; thereby reach a common goal in the long-run. Assessing Company goals (with regard to the employ development plan): As a first step, it is extremely necessary for the firm to assess its long-term and short-term employee need. In doing so, the following questions could be asked: What are the long term objectives of the firm? How important are employees to the firm? To which extent does the firm ready to compromise in order to make employees satisfied? Does the firm believe the advantages in having a work-friendly environment? Assessing Employee Needs: Through thorough communication (also with the help of questionnaires) the firm should then asses the needs of the employees with regard to their occupation. Some of the questions that could be asked may include What are your long term career goals? What is your current level of skill? How ready and willing are you to work hard in order to learn new skills? Do you feel your skill may be threatened by skills obsolescence? Do you believe in organizational commitment? Aligning organizational and employ needs Depending on the industry the firm is operating in, and also considering the financial implications, the firm has to then design a lucrative job opportunity system within the firm. In this system, bureaucracyÂÂ  must be held at a minimum while EEO and Affirmative Action should be enhanced. A clear path should be shown to every employee regardless of gender, race, etc. Also it must be communicated to the employee on how the overall plan supports the entire system how every part of the planning and development strategy aligns with company and individual objectives. Encourage Communication within the Organization In order to make employees open up and express their needs, the top management has to make sure that all communication barriers are set down. The need for open, honest communication cannot be overstated in making an employee development plan. Employees have to be equally treated (EEO) regardless of ethnicity, gender, etc. Once open communication reveals what workers expect, the job of the HR department becomes easier. This is a culture that has to be created and maintained. Effective cultures promote effective results. Corporate culture is an effective informal control mechanism (Dowling Welch, 2004). Training Employees This is an area that has won wide approval throughout organizations in all parts of the word. Training employees has now become one of the major costs of large organizations; a cost that is worth taking. The employee training session will last for a period of time and the necessary logistics have to be prepared in advance (location, materials, resource providers etc.) Some of the factors that need to be considered when training: Have in mind the main purpose of training Make sure the employ is trained as an individual; not a pawn of the company Give employees plenty of freedom But have in mind the need to align employee needs with organizational objectives Build honest, long-term trust with employees How will you measure effectiveness? Monitor progress Make use of psychometric tests (such as the BIG 5 TEST) 6. Dont make the career plan to complicated AÂÂ  careerÂÂ  plan that is over detailed and leaves no room or time to respond to changes in external or internal circumstances could become a problem (Career Planning 5 Critical Mistakes, 2010). Many organizations make the mistake of writing too fancy and vivid career plans which make no sense at all to the employee. Ultimately this results in not benefitting both the employee as well as the firm. An easy to follow plan should be written that will enable both parties to understand and workout with minimum amount of friction. Conclusion This report dealt with one of the major social discourses of modern times, which is career planning and development its importance, scope, and advantages. The subject of career planning has been the talk of current theory and practice of management. The attention it has attracted in current management thought proves the fact that unless employers and employees engage in methodical career planning both parties will not achieve maximum utilization of the human resource of the firm. Human beings, by nature can be trained and developed unlike other animals on earth. This fact has so been proved throughout history. The current instable state of affairs of the world does not seem to end in the near future. Global warming is rampant; threats of nuclear wars are mildly surfacing; the internet has made communication jump a massive leap within a couple of years. Modern city life seems like a challenge of overcoming competition, cut-throat business, monolithic corporations, media fabrication and news biases. The governments that promised to be of the people; by the people; for the people has turned out to become larger institutions of imperialism (although without colony). Now they have become the government of the corporation; by the corporation; for the corporation As the power of the corporation gains strength over human civilization, where consummation of goods and services are primary elements, the role of the employee has ironically become that of the master, as well as the slave. To avoid the bad repercussions of the current system the world has shaped into, the modern employee will have to be steadfast in accumulating the needed competencies through proper, systematic, and methodical career planning and development. Even if the citizen changes his or her role for employee to entrepreneur the need for career planning and development will spring up. Organizations too, as mentioned earlier in the report, have many benefits from career development. As part-time working is becoming the trend, and dual careers appear, the current turnover rate of employees is in an increasing trend. So, in order to retain talent, increase organizational commitment, promote corporate-citizenship-behavior, it is crucial for an organization to build and develop careers as a strategic move to survive. With the employer-employee collaboration only will the problem of uncertainty be overcome. That employer-employee collaboration is what Career Planning Development addresses at. End.